UPR-R(river) P(rock) University of Puerto Rico Río Piedras Campus November 4, 2011 PDR

Faculty Support: Vladimir Makarov Geraldo Morell Gladys Muñoz Benjamin Bolaño Oscar Resto Management Student Management: Team Leader: Desiree Rodriguez Secretary : Ivan Rivera & Jose Castrillo Schedule Manager: Pedro Barea Technical Support: Orlando X. Nieves

Rocksat C 2012 Team Organization Rocksat C 2012 Team Organization Jose Castrillo & Ivan Rivera (Secretary) Nicolle Medina (Team Member) Nicolle Medina (Team Member) Stefany Monroy (Team Member) Stefany Monroy (Team Member) Liza Chan (Team Member) Liza Chan (Team Member) Pedro Meléndez Software Technical Leader Pedro Meléndez Software Technical Leader Pedro Barea (Timekeeper) Elmo Rodriguez (Team Member) Elmo Rodriguez (Team Member) Andrea Lopez- Torres (Team Member) Andrea Lopez- Torres (Team Member) Janet Chan (Team Member) Janet Chan (Team Member) Gladys Muñoz (Faculty Support) Gladys Muñoz (Faculty Support) Desiree Rodriguez (Team leader) Roberto Lorenzi (Team Member)) Roberto Lorenzi (Team Member)) Henry Nieves (Team Member) Henry Nieves (Team Member) Luis Rosario (Team Member) Luis Rosario (Team Member) Samalis Santini Team Member Samalis Santini Team Member Natalia Marin (Team Member)) Natalia Marin (Team Member)) Oscar A. Resto (Team Member) Oscar A. Resto (Team Member) Beatriz Peraza (Team Member) Beatriz Peraza (Team Member) Henry Laracuente (Team Member) Henry Laracuente (Team Member) Manuel Santos (Team Member) Manuel Santos (Team Member) Oscar Resto (Mentor/PI) Sira Segarra (Team Member) Sira Segarra (Team Member) Nicolle Canales (Team Member) Nicolle Canales (Team Member) Gabriel Vazquez (Team Member) Gabriel Vazquez (Team Member) Marianne Marin (Team Member)) Marianne Marin (Team Member))

Payload Assessment

Compare our results with RiverRock 2009 and 2010 findings. Measure selected gases in near-space conditions. Survey inorganic and organic aerosols in near-space conditions.

We intend to collect samples of particulate matter, with both organic and inorganic composition. In the organic fraction of the collected aerosols, we expect to find evidence that sustains the presence of amino acids and microorganisms in the atmosphere. The collection of samples will be assessed at different altitudes of the atmosphere.

CO2 is the fifth most abundant gas in the atmosphere, it has increased 35% in the last 300 years. Humans are responsible for its high increase in the atmosphere. Methane is a very strong greenhouse gas and its concentration has increased more than a 150%. It is released from landfills, gas, oil drillings and coal mines. Nitrous Oxide has increased at a rate of 0.2 to 0.3% per year.

Gas NameChemical FormulaPercent Volume NitrogenN2N % OxygenO2O % *WaterH2OH2O0 to 4% ArgonAr0.93% *Carbon DioxideCO % NeonNe0.0018% HeliumHe0.0005% *MethaneCH % HydrogenH2H % *Nitrous OxideN2ON2O % *OzoneO3O % Expected Gases found in the atmosphere

Measurement of gases We expect to measure several greenhouse gases that contribute to the global warming. As shown in the Miller/Urey experiment some of these gases may also be the building blocks of polypeptides.

Stanley Miller and Harold Urey Experiment This experiment simulated the conditions present during the Earth’s formation.

Stanley Miller and Harold Urey Experiment The experiment showed that conditions on the primitive atmosphere favored chemical reactions that synthesized organic compounds from inorganic precursors. In 2008, a revision of the Miller/Urey experiment showed that 22 different amino acids were synthesized instead of the 5 that were originally published.

In Flight Measurements NO x, NO 2, H 2 S, NH 3, and H 2 Gases Semiconductor gas sensor Collection of aerosols Polymer nano-scale filter (100 to 1000 nm), TEM Ultra Thin Holey Carbon Grids Betweens Filters and Adhesive Collector

According to the findings of RiverRock 2009, we expect to measure the following gases: NO 2, NO x, NH 3, H 2 S, and H 2. RiverRock 2010 findings are still in process. We also expect to find both organic and inorganic aerosols. Microorganisms may also be found as a part of the organic fraction of the collected aerosols. Polypeptides or amino acids could also be obtained as shown by the Miller/Urey experiment.

Collection and Detection Diagram AVR Controller and Data Storage Computer Controlled Flow Valves Microorganism and Aerosol Battery Filters Multiple Semiconductor Gas Sensors Gas Canister Sampler Bernoulli Gases Exhaust Port Ram Air Atmospheric Sampling Intake 200 nm 100 nm 1000 nm 450 nm 200 nm 100 nm 1000 nm 450 nm 200 nm 100 nm 1000 nm 450 nm Bleeder Computer Controlled Flow Line Full Flow Diaphragm Pressure Regulator

Synkera Technologies Inc. Gas sensorItem No.Measuring Range H2H ppm NH 3 705<25 – 10,000 ppm NO x – 10 ppm H2SH2S7141 – 100 ppm NO >200 ppm

Ram Air IntakeBernoulli Exhaust

Structure

Pressure Regulator

Selonoid Valve

Tubing

Power 2x9V Supply Batteries G-Switch RBF (Wallops) 5V Regulator X / Y Accelerometer Z Accelerometer Temperature Sensor AVR Board AirCore Board Flash Memory 6 channel ADC Control Circuit (MOSFETS) AVR Microcontroller ADC Intake Solenoid Valves Bernoulli Exhaust At the rocket Intake Solenoid Valve Nano-Filters Sequential Controlled Valves Exhaust Solenoid Valve Data Airflow Power Interface RAM Air Intake from Outside of the Rocket Gas Semiconductor Sensor 5 Gas Semiconductor Sensor 3 Gas Semiconductor Sensor 1 2x9 V Supply Gas Semiconductor Sensor 2 Gas Semiconductor Sensor 4 Gas Semiconductor Sensor 6

System Schematic

Mission Time Line Overview Table Altitude (KM)Time (s)Action 00Semiconductor Sensors start acquiring data 00Open Bleeder 4041Close Bleeder 4041Open Battery Close Battery Open Bleeder (flushing gas line for 2 sec) 69Close Bleeder 69Open Battery 2 95 Close Battery 2 95 Open Bleeder (flushing gas line for 2 sec) 97Close Bleeder 97Open Battery Apogee 95340Close Battery 3 340Open Bleeder 18500Semiconductor Sensors stop acquiring data 500Close Bleeder Mission Time Line Overview Table

Battery 3 Filter Valves close Bleeder Valve Open Battery 2 Filter Valves close Bleeder Valve Open for 2 sec. Battery 3 Filter Valves Open Battery 1 Filter Valves close Bleeder Valve Open for 2 sec. Battery 2 Filter Valves Open Bleeder Valve Close and Battery 1 Filter Valves Open Rocket Lunch G-Switch Activated Open Bleeder Valve Semiconductor Sensor Start Analyzing Bleeder Valve Close and Semiconductor Sensor Stop Analyzing

Consequence Risk 2 Risk 4 Risk 1 Risk 3 Possibility Risk 1 – Computer system crash during flight and data could not be collected mission objectives could not be completed. Risk 2 – Dynamic port failure at the rocket vehicle valves. Risk 3 – Sampling gas tubing (PFA). Risk 4 – Power failure on some of the component making function ability limited.

Interface NameBrief DescriptionPotential Solution Connection to dynamic port Swagelok NPT ¼ PFA connection at the dynamic port. There must be a visual inspection and the connection must be torched propertly. It must be properly installed and torqued. Tubing Tubing must be clear and properly set up. As specification of the manufacturer Batteries Batteries must be charged and properly set up. Voltage must be checked before launch. Have an extra battery pack. Self contained G sensor It is located on the payload at T-0 Prior to flight should be tested and fully operational as well as the control sequences of the AVR Computer.

Requirement Verification Method Description Sequential event is going to be performed.DemonstrationMake a test run that all sequence events run properly. The tubing must be properly installed and inspected AnalysisHave the precautions of edges that can cut the tubing. All fittings are properly tightInspectionFollow installation procedure.

RequirementStatus/Reason (If needed) Center of gravity in 1” plane of plateYes Max Height< 12”No – 12’ Within Keep-OutYes Weight ≤ 30lbs.No – 20 lbs.

7/26/2011 RockSat Payload User’s Guide Released 9/9/2011 Deadline to submit Intent to Fly Form 9/14/2011 Initial Down Selections Made 10/3/2011 Conceptual Design Review (CoDR) Due 10/4/2011 Conceptual Design Review (CoDR) Teleconference 10/7/2011 Teleconference 10/17/2011 Earnest Payment of $1,000 Due 10/17/2011 Online Progress Report 1 Due 10/18/2011 Progress report and study Payload 10/26/2011 Preliminary Design Review (PDR) Due 10/27/2011 Preliminary Design Review (PDR) Teleconference 11/1/2011 Open Payload and collect samples from RockSat-C /8/2011 Study and analyze results 11/14/2011 Online Progress Report 2 Due 11/22/2011 Start reconstruction of Payload 11/29/2011 Finish Critical Design Review (CDR) 11/30/2011 Critical Design Review (CDR) Due

12/1/2011 Critical Design Review (CDR) Teleconference 12/12-19/2011 University of Puerto Rico (UPR) final exams 12/20/2011 – 1/23/2012 Academic Recess 1/9/2012 Final Down Select—Flights Awarded 1/24/2012 Work on progress report 1/30/2012 Online Progress Report 1 Due 2/3/2012 First payment due 2/13/2012 Individual Subsystem Testing Reports Due 2/14/2012 Individual Subsystem Testing Reports Teleconference 3/12/2012 Online Progress Report 2 Due 4/2/2012 Payload Subsystem Integration and Testing Report Due 4/2/2012 Payload Subsystem Integration and Testing Report Teleconference 4/6/2012 Final payment due 4/15/2012 RockSat Payload Canisters Sent to Customers

4/23/2012 First Full Mission Simulation Test Report Presentation Due 4/24/2012 First Full Mission Simulation Test Report Presentation Telecon 5/7/2012 Weekly Teleconference 4 5/14/2012 Weekly Teleconference 5 5/21/2012 Weekly Teleconference 6 5/28/2012 Launch Readiness Review Presentations 5/29/2012 Launch Readiness Review (LRR) Teleconference 6/4/2012 Weekly Teleconference 7 (FMSTR 2) 6/11/2012 Weekly Teleconference 7 6/6/2012 Weekly Teleconference 8 (LRR) 6/10/2012 Weekly Teleconference 9 6/ Visual Inspections at Refuge Inn 06-(15-18) Integration/Vibration at Wallops 6/20/2012 Presentations to next year’s RockSat 6/21/2012 Launch Day

Equipment, Materials, and TripsCost Materials for Pilot: AVR Computer$ Materials: Computers$ Batteries$ Teflon cables and tubing$ Miscellaneous$ Nanofilters$ TM grids (Tedd Pella)$ New interface board$ Sub-total$2, Payload flight$12, Total$14,500.00

Miller, Stanley L. (May 1953). "Production of Amino Acids Under Possible Primitive Earth Conditions". Science 117: 528. Thomas, Gary E. (1987) “Trace Constituents in the Mesosphere” Physica Scrypta T18: Philbrick,Charles R. ; Faucher,Gerard A. ; Wlodyka,Raymond A. (December 1971). “Neutral Composition Measurements of the Mesosphere and Lower Thermosphere” National Technical Information ServiceNational Technical Information Service Nicholson, W, Munakata, N, Horneck, G, Melosh,H, and Setlow, P, (2000). “Resistance of Bacillus Endospores to Extreme Terrestrial and Extraterrestrial Environments” Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews, p Satyanarayana, T.; Raghukumar, C.; Shivaji, S. (July 2005). "Extremophilic microbes: Diversity and perspectives". Current Science 89 (1): 78–90.Extremophilic microbes: Diversity and perspectives MacDonald, Alexander and et al. (Fall 2009). “N 2 O: Not One of the Usual Suspects”. Earth System Research Laboratory Quarterly Journal. 1:12 Ravishankara, A R, Daniel J, Portmann R. W. (October2, 2009). “Nitrous Oxide (N 2 O): The Dominant Ozone-Depleting Substance Emitted in the 21st Century”. Science Magazine, Vol no. 5949, pp