WCRP Metrics/Methodologies for Extremes September 2010 Based in part on … Some Scale Considerations for Predicting/Projecting Extreme Precipitation William J. Gutowski, Jr. Iowa State University U.S.A.
WCRP Metrics/Methodologies for Extremes September 2010 Methodologies for Estimating Extremes Simulated time & space scales Process behavior under climate change
WCRP Metrics/Methodologies for Extremes September 2010 Cold Half of Year 95% Precipitation: Frequency vs. Intensity ~ Averaging Time (Gutowski et al. 2003) 6-hourly daily 10-day Simulation: Continental U.S km grid NCEP Reanalysis 1 Analysis: Central U.S. 8 years of October - March April - May 95% Warm Half of Year
WCRP Metrics/Methodologies for Extremes September 2010 Precipitation: Frequency vs. Intensity ~ Spatial Scale Simulation: Continental U.S km grid Analysis: Central U.S. 8 years of October - March (Gutowski et al. 2003) [km]
WCRP Metrics/Methodologies for Extremes September 2010 NARCCAP Simulations Domain Domain - Most of North America Resolution Resolution ~ 50 km Simulation Period Simulation Period Boundary Conditions Boundary Conditions - NCEP/DOE reanalysis MM5 Iowa State/ PNNL RegCM3 UC Santa Cruz ICTP CRCMQuebec,Ouranos HADRM3 Hadley Centre RSMScrippsWRFNCAR/PNNL PLUS: GFDL Atmosphere GCM - 0.5˚ resolution - specified SST/ice for same period NCAR CCSM Atmosphere-Ocean GCM - 1.4˚ (T85) resolution - analysis for same period
WCRP Metrics/Methodologies for Extremes September 2010 Comparison with observations Observation-based Fields Observation-based Fields Precip: University of Washington VIC retrospective analysis Other fields: North American Regional Reanalysis Comparison period: Comparison period: omitted - spinup UW data end in mid-2000 Analysis Analysis “Precipitation event” = Daily precip ≥ 2.5 mm at a grid point Focus on precip intensity ≥ 99.5%
WCRP Metrics/Methodologies for Extremes September 2010 Regions Analyzed Boreal forest Pacific coast California coast Great Lakes Maritimes Upper Mississippi River Deep South
WCRP Metrics/Methodologies for Extremes September 2010 Precipitation Frequency vs. Intensity 99.5%
WCRP Metrics/Methodologies for Extremes September 2010 Days with Simultaneous Extremes on “N” Grid Points “widespread extremes”
WCRP Metrics/Methodologies for Extremes September 2010 Composite Structure of Extreme Events - DJF
WCRP Metrics/Methodologies for Extremes September 2010 Composite Structure of Extreme Events - DJF
WCRP Metrics/Methodologies for Extremes September 2010 Composite Structure of Extreme Events - DJF
WCRP Metrics/Methodologies for Extremes September 2010 Present & Future Climate – Earlier Results Control-driven NCEP-driven Scenario-driven 500 hPa Heights (Gutowski et al. 2008)
WCRP Metrics/Methodologies for Extremes September 2010 Precipitation Changes? Future – Current 0.05% Threshold+ 17% Extreme Precip. + 26% Extreme precipitation as max humidity Max atmospheric humidity ~ 7% per degree Projected temperature increase: ~ 2.5˚C
WCRP Metrics/Methodologies for Extremes September 2010 Africa: Water Balance Changes (IPCC AR4 WG1) Minus # models with > 0
WCRP Metrics/Methodologies for Extremes September 2010 Africa: Precipitation via Statistical Downscaling Vs 30-yr pres vs. Range: [-80,+80] mm/month (Hewitson & Crane, 2006)
WCRP Metrics/Methodologies for Extremes September 2010 Higher resolution is necessary, but not sufficient, for simulating short-term (e.g., daily) precipitation extremes. Coarser models (and nudged regional models) tend to have daily extremes covering a wider area than observed extremes. Focusing on environments conducive to extremes yields relevant climatic behavior, even in relatively coarse models. This conclusion rests on the assumption that important small-scale features are not missing (e.g., low-level jets).
WCRP Metrics/Methodologies for Extremes September 2010 Thank You!