Salit Kark The Biodiversity Research Group Department of Evolution, Systematics and Ecology The Silberman Institute of Life Sciences The Hebrew University.

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Presentation transcript:

Salit Kark The Biodiversity Research Group Department of Evolution, Systematics and Ecology The Silberman Institute of Life Sciences The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Conservation Biology (Ecology) Lecture 9 December 2009 Dr. Salit Kark. The Hebrew University of Jerusalem

How do we decide what to conserve? Setting conservation priorities

לפי מינים Species based Setting conservation priorities קביעת סדרי עדיפויות לשימור לפי אזורים Area based

The criteria can be applied to any taxonomic unit at or below the species level

Category in IUCN redlist  EXTINCT (EX) no reasonable doubt that the last individual has died  when exhaustive surveys have failed to record an individual  EXTINCT IN THE WILD (EW) known only to survive in captivity  CRITICALLY ENDANGERED (CR) facing an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild  ENDANGERED (EN)  VULNERABLE (VU)  NEAR THREATENED (NT) does not qualify for CE or E, but is close to qualifying in the near future  LEAST CONCERN (LC) Widespread and abundant taxa are included in this category

Endangered Species -- in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its range Vulnerable species -- likely to become an endangered species within the foreseeable future throughout all or a significant portion of its range. Critically Endangered Species -- facing a very high probability of extinction and require special conservation measures.

GroupExtinct + extinct in wild CR+EN+VUNear Threatened Least Concern Total mammals771, ,6444,853 birds1331, ,7209,917 amphibians351, ,2415,744 Table 3a: Status category summary by major taxonomic group (animals)

Important factors: Population size Structure Reduction Decline trends Extreme fluctuations Severely fragmented Size of distribution range

THE CRITERIA FOR: CRITICALLY ENDANGERED (CR) A taxon is Critically Endangered when the best available evidence indicates that it meets any of the following criteria (A to E), and it is therefore considered to be facing an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild: A. Reduction in population size based on any of the following: 1. An observed, estimated, inferred or suspected population size reduction of > or = 90% over the last 10 years or three generations, based on any of the following: (a) direct observation (b) an index of abundance appropriate to the taxon (c) a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence and/or quality of habitat (d) actual or potential levels of exploitation (e) the effects of introduced taxa, hybridization, pathogens, pollutants, competitors or parasites. יונק דבשAmazilia castaneiventris CHESTNUT- BELLIED HUMMINGBIRD

THE CRITERIA FOR CRITICALLY ENDANGERED (CR) B. Geographic range in the form of either extent of occurrence OR area of occupancy OR both: 1. Extent of occurrence estimated to be less than 100 km², and estimates indicating at least two of a-c: a. Severely fragmented or known to exist at only a single location. b. Continuing decline, observed, inferred or projected, in any of the following: (i) extent of occurrence (ii) area of occupancy (iii) area, extent and/or quality of habitat (iv) number of locations or subpopulations (v) number of mature individuals. c. Extreme fluctuations in any of the following: (i) extent of occurrence (ii) area of occupancy (iii) number of locations or subpopulations (iv) number of mature individuals. Amazilia castaneiventris

Extent of occurrence is the area contained within the shortest continuous imaginary boundary encompassing all the known, inferred or projected sites of present occurrence, excluding vagrancy. Can be measured by a minimum convex polygon (no internal angle > 180 degrees).

Area of occupancy is the area within its 'extent of occurrence' which is actually occupied. Reflects the fact that a taxon will not usually occur throughout the area of its extent of occurrence, which may contain unsuitable or unoccupied habitats. The size will be a function of the scale at which it is measured, and should be at a scale appropriate to relevant biological aspects of the taxon, the nature of threats and the available data.

Examples of the distinction between extent of occurrence and area of occupancy. (A) spatial distribution of present occurrence. (B) possible boundary to the extent measured area of occurrence. (C) measure of area of occupancy which is the sum of the occupied grid squares.

The IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria were designed for global taxon assessments. However, many people are interested in applying them to subsets of global data, especially at regional, national or local levels. The global category may not be the same as a national or regional category for a particular taxon. There are various local listings… Spatial scale: Use at global and regional level

חמשת הפרמטרים של המספר האדום הם: 1.נדירות – מספר האתרים (ריבועים של קילומטר רבוע) בהם המין נמצא. בישראל יש כ- 400 מיני צמחים הנוכחים בעשרה אתרים או פחות, ומתוכם 67 מינים המוגבלים בתפוצתם לאתר אחד בלבד. חשיבות יתרה ניתנת לצמחים המוגבלים לאתר אחד, מכיוון שהאתר יכול להיעלם, והצמח ייכחד מישראל. 2. קצב ההכחדה ופגיעות בית הגידול – קצב ההכחדה נמדד ע"י השוואת מספר האתרים לפני כינון חוק שמירת הטבע ב למספרם כיום. קיים מתאם בין קצב הירידה במספר האתרים ובין קצב היעלמות בית הגידול של המין ולכן גם אם אין מידע על שינוי במספר האוכלוסיות, ניתן לאמוד את סכנת ההכחדה על פי בית הגידול ומידת הפגיעה בו בשנים האחרונות. לדוגמא – גבעות החמרה של מישור החוף כמעט ונכחדו עקב בנייה ופיתוח, ועמם כל הצמחים שזה בית גידולם הייחודי. "מספר אדום" לקביעת קדימויות לשימור של מיני צמחים בסכנת הכחדה

חמשת הפרמטרים של המספר האדום הם: 3. אטרקטיביות – פרח גדול וצבעוני נתון לאיום של קטיפה או עקירה. עץ בעל קורה ישרה עלול להיכרת לבנייה. צמח בעל תכונות רפואיות או קולינריות (לדוגמא: אזוב מצוי – זעתר) נקטף בכמויות גדולות. 4. אנדמיות – יש חשיבות רבה בקנה מידה עולמי למינים אנדמיים אשר ישראל היא תחום תפוצתם הבלעדי. חשיבות משמעותית אך קטנה יותר יש לצמחים אנדמיים לאזור הלבנט (ישראל וסוריה, או ישראל וירדן). 5. פריפריאליות – צמחים שאוכלוסיותיהם בישראל נמצאות בקצה גבול תפוצתם העולמי. לאוכלוסיות אלו יש חשיבות ביוגיאוגרפית. "מספר אדום" לקביעת קדימויות לשימור של מיני צמחים בסכנת הכחדה

Values for the Red Number parameters (Sapir et al., 2003) Criterion Value Rarity (1-6) 0.5%–0.1% of the area ( sites in Israel)1 0.1%–0.05% of the area (21-11 sites in Israel)2 0.05%–0.01% of the area (10-4 sites in Israel)3 0.01% of the area (3 sites in Israel) % of the area (2 sites in Israel)5 Single site 6 A site is defined as 1 km 2.

Values for the Red Number parameters (Sapir et al., 2003) Criterion Value Declining rate and habitat vulnerability (1-4) Declining rate of 1%–30% or small probability 1 of habitat destruction Declining rate of 31%–50% or medium probability 2 of habitat destruction Declining rate of 51%–80% or high probability 3 of habitat destruction Declining rate of >81% or very high probability 4 of habitat destruction Declining rate = no. of sites recorded after 1965 / no. of sites recorded before 1965

Values for the Red Number parameters (Sapir et al., 2003) Criterion Value Attractivity (1-3) Flower size of 1–2 cm or succulent 1 Flower size of 2–3 cm or commercial /medicinal herb 2 Flower size of >3 cm or colourful inflorescence 3 or trees with straight trunk

Values for the Red Number parameters (Sapir et al., 2003) Criterion Value Distribution type (1-4) Endemic Sub-species or peripheral populations1 Regional endemic species 2 Sub-endemic species 3 Narrow endemic species 4

Values for the Red Number parameters (Sapir et al., 2003) Criterion Value Rarity (1-6) Declining rate and habitat vulnerability (1-4) Attractivity (1-3) Distribution type (1-4) The highest possible score for a species is 17, but the red numbers for plant species in Israel do not exceed 14 (for Astragalus oocephalus, קדד הקרקפות)

כיום ידוע על 39 מיני צמחים שנכחדו בישראל. 69% נכחדו עד אמצע שנות השישים. צמחים נכחדים בישראל רון פרומקין,אבי שמידע,יובל ספיר,אורי פרגמן –ספיר ונעם לוין מתוך :פרומקין,ר ',חנין,ד 'ואידלמן,ע '(עורכים).2004 סימני חיים, מרכז השל לחשיבה ומנהיגות סביבתית,מכון ירושלים לחקר ישראל והוצאת בבל.

צמחים נכחדים בישראל רון פרומקין,אבי שמידע,יובל ספיר,אורי פרגמן –ספיר ונעם לוין מתוך :פרומקין,ר ',חנין,ד 'ואידלמן,ע '(עורכים).2004 סימני חיים, מרכז השל לחשיבה ומנהיגות סביבתית,מכון ירושלים לחקר ישראל והוצאת בבל.