How did western settlement affect the Plains Indians?

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Presentation transcript:

How did western settlement affect the Plains Indians? Essential Question How did western settlement affect the Plains Indians?

Miners and Ranchers in the West

Growth of the Mining Industry Deposits of gold, silver, and copper Needed by growing industry in the East Brought settlers to the mountain states

Virginia City

Pikes Peak, Colorado (1858)

Leadville, Colorado

Black Hills, South Dakota

Copper in Montana

New States North Dakota South Dakota Montana

Cattle Ranching Texas longhorn cattle thrived on the tough prairie grass

Arrival of Railroads By the 1860s – railroads reached Kansas and Missouri Western ranchers sold cattle to be shipped east

Cattle Drives Moved cattle to the railroads Chisholm Trail – to Abilene, Kansas

Chisholm Trail

Homestead Act (1862) Individuals could file for a 160-acre homestead (tract of public land) Received title after living on land for five years

Great Plains

Great Plains Homestead

New Farming Inventions Steel plows Reapers Threshing machines

Wheat Belt Nebraska Kansas Dakotas

Oklahoma April 22, 1889 Opened the territory for settlement 10,000 people chose land within hours

Native Americans

Western Environment, 1860s

Plains Indians Nomads following the buffalo herds Divided into bands headed by governing councils

Arrival of Settlers Deprived Indians of hunting grounds Broke treaties guaranteeing Indian lands Forced Indians to relocate

Chief Red Cloud

Chief Sitting Bull

Crazy Horse

Crazy Horse Monument

Sand Creek Massacre Nov. 1864 Chief Black Kettle brought Cheyenne to negotiate peace at Fort Lyon American troops attacked their village

Loss of Buffalo Native Americans depended on the buffalo for life By 1889, few buffalo were left

Battle of the Little Bighorn Gold found in the Black Hills (SD) Americans violated Indian treaties Indians attacked

Battle of the Little Bighorn June 25, 1876 George A. Custer attacked a large force of Lakota and Cheyenne All of Custer’s forces dead

Nez Perce Led by Chief Joseph Refused to move to a reservation in Idaho Fled to Canada

Nez Perce Traveled 1300 miles Surrendered in October 1877 Exiled to Oklahoma

Quote, Chief Joseph “Our chiefs are killed . . . The little children are freezing to death. My people have no blankets, no food . . . Hear me, my chiefs; I am tired. My heart is sick and sad. From where the sun now stands I will fight no more forever.”

Nez Perce Trail

Wounded Knee Lakota reservation (1890) Continued to practice the Ghost Dance Led by Sitting Bull

Wounded Knee Soldiers sent to arrest Sitting Bull, who died by gunfire Dec. 29, 1890 Soldiers attacked Native Americans at Wounded Knee Creek – hundreds killed

Indian Frontier to 1890