The Post Classical World Medieval European Society and the Rise of Islam http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/sbook1j.html

Timeline 1456: Gutenberg Bible (Invention of movable type) 1492 Columbus’ “Discovery” of the New World ca 1500 Renaissance 1517 Protestant Reformation 1607: Founding of Virginia (Jamestown Colony) 1620-30: Founding of Plymouth Colony and Massachusetts Bay Post Classical World

At the locus of ancient civilizations… “Western Christendom,” Feudalism and Manorialism develop in Western Europe “Byzantine” Empire and “Eastern Orthodox” Christianity develops in eastern portion of former Roman Empire New Religion is founded in the Middle East: Islam

The Muslim World Mohammed born: 570 CE Islam spreads: 600s or 7th Century onward “Civilization” shifts to the east “Christendom” confronts a large and growing empire on its southern and eastern border.

Tenets of Islam Emerged from the Judeo-Christian tradition. Mohammed was a “prophet” as was Abraham, Jesus, and other ancient Hebrew religious leaders A missionary religion (like Buddhism and Christianity A monotheistic religion (like Judaism and Christianity)

Tenets of Islam Five Pillars: Basic creed: Belief in one God: Allah Ritual prayer five times a day Alms giving Fasting during month of Ramadan Pilgrimage to Mecca (the Hajj) in one’s lifetime

Comparison of Islam and Christianity: Examples Similarities: Sacred text: Bible or Qur’an (Koran) Conception of sin, heaven and hell Monotheistic, missionary, patriarchal religion deriving from same tradition of ancient writings Ritual practices to organize daily life Christianity: sacraments of baptism, confession, communion, marriage, last rites Islam: daily prayer, fasting during Ramadan, pilgrimage to Mecca

Comparison of Islam and Christianity: Examples Differences: Christianity: a hierarchical priesthood Islam: a decentralized priesthood Christianity: a rule of monogamous marriage Islam: men may take additional wives Islam permitted divorce; medieval Christianity did not

Expansion of Islam http://www.ferris.edu/HTMLS/academics/syllabi/mehlerbarry/maps/mideast2.htm

Expansion of Islam

Islamic World, 900 http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/~rs143/map3.jpg

Expansion of Islam, 1300

Ottoman Empire, 1566

Meanwhile…in Europe… How does a society grow? How does a population increase?

Europe in 1099 http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/lect/med15.html

European Ancient and Medieval Population Estimates About 1000, the medieval world had stabilized. For the next 300 years it grew. 200 - 40 million 600 - 20 million 1000- 23 million 1340 - 60 million 1400 - 35 million 1500 - 55 million Detailed Population Estimates http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/pop-in-eur.html

Castle http://www.kyrene.k12.az.us/schools/Brisas/sunda/ma/1ryan.htm

Peasant House http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/medieval_peasants.htm

Peasant House http://loki.stockton.edu/~ken/wharram/peasant.htm

For Individuals.....What Regulates Family Formation? Age of Maturity Permission of Parents, Kin, or Perhaps Lord or Master Resources to Set Up a Household: land, housing, trade

By 1300…. Europe was ‘crowded’ –not by today’s standards, but according to the economic and technological standard of the time. So people either had to (1) decide that their children would get poorer, or (2) figure out how to control population growth.

Results…. Agnatic lineages become common. Sons had to await the death of their fathers to inherit. Inheritances were organized to concentrate economic resources, not disperse property, so land was ‘entailed’ and ‘primogeniture’ was practiced.

And….. Entail prevents the break up of land parcels, Primogeniture requires that the eldest son inherit all family resources. Other children were (1) sent into the church; (2) sent to the Crusades; (3) given small property settlements which left them downwardly mobile.

And…. Men wait to marry; Women marry young because they might ‘miss’ a mate.

Cultural Results... Large age differences between husbands and wives, and thus perceptions of distant fathers and more loving mothers A system adjusted to the economic realities - slow expansion with potential for adjustment and additional growth …… or demographic disaster…..

Spread of the Black Death - 1347

European Ancient and Medieval Population Estimates About 1000, the medieval world had stabilized. For the next 300 years it grew. 200 - 40 million 600 - 20 million 1000- 23 million 1340 - 60 million 1400 - 35 million 1500 - 55 million Detailed Population Estimates http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/pop-in-eur.html