MELS Project Wrap Up Rich Brown, David Culler, Stephen Dawson-Haggerty, Steven Lanzisera, Jay Taneja Computer Science Division, University of California, Berkeley Environmental Energy Technologies Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab

MELS: Miscellaneous Electric Loads Large, rigorous study of miscellaneous electric loads (mostly plugs) –Roughly 1/3 of building energy consumption –Difficult to study due to large number of small consumers Test methods to accurately describe energy use of plug-in devices from individual device to whole building September 13, 2011LBNL EETD Seminar Series2

DOE MELS => Appliance Energy 8/2/2011CPS-PI plug-load meters 7 edge routers 650m data points

Study Phases Hardware (2009) Calibration Safety testing Testing and Setup Software validation Installation Device inventory Stratified sampling Operation (2011) Maintenance and debugging September 13, 2011LBNL EETD Seminar Series4

System Architecture September 13, 2011LBNL EETD Seminar Series5 IPv6 tunnel from building network to data closet Data in raw UDP Configurable metering application

Multipoint Calibration September 13, 2011LBNL EETD Seminar Series6 Automated 20-point calibration on every meter Generate a 3-part piecewise calibration 90 th percentile error is <2 watts across devices

Multi-floor topology September 13, 2011LBNL EETD Seminar Series7

HYDRO Principles Maintain multiple next-hop options Trickelize density-sensitve state propagation Horizontally scalable with multiple LBRs September 13, 2011LBNL EETD Seminar Series8

Emergent network dynamics September 13, 2011LBNL EETD Seminar Series9 Verify dynamics results on large scale –Link and device churn are prevalent Mean network degree is at least 16, diameter is about 4.5 hops

Exploration is ongoing September 13, 2011LBNL EETD Seminar Series10 Path length and router degree show clear diurnal and weekly variation Exploration of new potential candidate links is a continuous process With only “stable” links, diameter increases by factor of 2

ENERGY ANALYSIS September 13, 2011LBNL EETD Seminar Series11

Can we identify when metered devices change over time? 12 From data, found change from older 20” LCD to new 24” LCD Increase screen area 44%; reduce energy 33%.

How Common is Computer-Display Power Management? Hour Work Week PM w/ breaks Rarely power down monitor 83% of monitors use power management 15% use it with breaks for days at a time 2% do not use it

What is the Distribution of LCD Computer Display Energy Use? 14 N=118

How Common is Desktop Computer Power Management? Hour Work Week 39% rarely powered down 44% managed

How Much of Whole Building is Plugs? 16 All Building Electricity 40% of Building Electricity 3 month weekday average: March, April, May Note: no cooling during these months Projected based on full inventory and sample weights All Plugs

What Makes Up Bldg 90 Plugs Energy? 17 Computers 50% of energy Displays 10% of energy Task Lighting 7% Networking 6% Other 7% Imaging 10% of energy Misc. HVAC 10% of energy Timer controlled plug strips? 75 MWh/year 30% of non-computer plug total 6% of building total Computer power management? 150 MWh/year 60% of computer total 12% of building total

Building 90 Device Inventory & Energy 18

Findings and Next Steps Bldg 90 network demonstrated large-scale, end-to- end WSN and collected a lot of useful data –IT equipment should be focus of office energy management programs –Using data for LBNL-wide plug-load management Inventory and meter installation are labor-intensive –Exploring using public (homeowner & building occupant) participation for data collection –Integrate metering & communications into products Robust sensor network needs more engineering –? Evaluate commercial products now available Electricity only part of buildings energy problem –Developing low-cost WSN for gas and water metering 19

QUESTIONS September 13, 2011LBNL EETD Seminar Series20