January 30, 2012 BellRinger: Objective: Homework: Complete the logical and spatial puzzles on the handout from Thursday Objective: Determine functions and activities to stimulate various parts of the brain Differentiate between the various stages in cell communication Homework: Complete chp 48 notes

Evolution of vertebrate brain Shark Frog Cat Bird Human Spinal cord Hind: Medulla oblongata Optic tectum Hind: Cerebellum Midbrain Fore: Cerebrum Olfactory tract Crocodile forebrain forebrain dominant cerebrum hindbrain forebrain

Human brain

Each side of the cerebral cortex has four lobes The cerebral cortex controls voluntary movement and cognitive functions Each side of the cerebral cortex has four lobes Frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital Frontal lobe Temporal lobe Occipital lobe Parietal lobe Frontal association area Speech Smell Hearing Auditory Vision Visual Somatosensory Reading Taste Somatosensory cortex Motor cortex Figure 48.27

Palm Press Activity Do not move your feet! Yoga pose What area of your brain is active? Label/color on your brain map

The Cerebellum Is important for coordination and error checking during motor, perceptual, and cognitive functions Is also involved in learning and remembering motor skills

Which part of my brain is active? Attention & alertness? What else does the part of the brain do? Label/color on your brain map

The Brainstem The brainstem consists of three parts The medulla oblongata, the pons, and the midbrain

Brainstem The medulla oblongata The pons The midbrain Contains centers that control several visceral functions The pons Also participates in visceral functions The midbrain Contains centers for the receipt and integration of several types of sensory information

The Diencephalon The embryonic diencephalon develops into three adult brain regions The epithalamus, thalamus, and hypothalamus

Which part of my brain is active? Fight or flight? What controls the breathing/heart rate changes associated with the response? Why do we have this response – especially to loud noises? Label/color on your brain map Listen to someone speak and express themselves in a foreign language Which part of the brain takes in all sensory input (except smell)

The hypothalamus regulates The epithalamus Includes the pineal gland and the choroid plexus The thalamus “Central operator” Is the main input center for sensory information going to the cerebrum and the main output center for motor information leaving the cerebrum The hypothalamus regulates Homeostasis Basic survival behaviors such as feeding, fighting, fleeing, and reproducing

Emotion Cards No words, facial expressions only Which part of your brain is active? What would happen if we were unable to interpret this nonverbal communication? Are some people better than others? Label/color on your brain map

Emotions The limbic system Is a ring of structures around the brainstem Figure 48.30 Hypothalamus Thalamus Prefrontal cortex Olfactory bulb Amygdala Hippocampus

This limbic system includes three parts of the cerebral cortex The amygdala, hippocampus, and olfactory bulb These structures interact with the neocortex to mediate primary emotions And attach emotional “feelings” to survival-related functions

Circadian Rhythms The hypothalamus also regulates circadian rhythms Such as the sleep/wake cycle Animals usually have a biological clock Which is a pair of suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) found in the hypothalamus

Short Term Memory Which part of the brain was stimulated during the memory game? What part of your brain would be involved if this information was to be stored in your long term memory? Label/color on your brain map

Arousal and Sleep A diffuse network of neurons called the reticular formation Is present in the core of the brainstem Midbrain Sight/Sound reflexes Figure 48.24 Eye Reticular formation Input from touch, pain, and temperature receptors Input from ears

A part of the reticular formation, the reticular activating system (RAS) Regulates sleep and arousal

Midbrain & Hindbrain How can we see the “ancientness” of these areas of the brain in the functions that these parts control?

Logic Puzzle What part of the brain was stimulated when you were solving these puzzles? What is the difference in the way your brain handles detailed, sequential information (logic problem) compared to the way it handles spatial information? What connects these 2 parts? Put them together – write your full name in cursive backwards (mirror image) Label/color on your brain map

Cerebrum Most highly evolved structure of mammalian brain Cerebrum divided hemispheres left = right side of body right = left side of body Corpus callosum major connection between 2 hemispheres

Lateralization of Brain Function Left hemisphere language, math, logic operations, processing of serial sequences of information, visual & auditory details detailed activities required for motor control Right hemisphere pattern recognition, spatial relationships, non-verbal ideation, emotional processing, parallel processing of information

The Cerebral Hemispheres Cerebral Cortex and Functional Regions Motor Areas frontal lobe What would you do to activate this area? Which parts of your body do you think have the most motor control? Sensory Areas parietal, occipital, and temporal lobes Think back to the sensory lab…which parts of the body were the most sensitive to touch?

Learning Check What area of the brain is generally regarded as the area that “makes us human?” What area is so different in our brains?

In all vertebrates, the nervous system Shows a high degree of cephalization and distinct CNS and PNS components Figure 48.19 Central nervous system (CNS) Peripheral nervous system (PNS) Brain Spinal cord Cranial nerves Ganglia outside CNS Spinal

Central Nervous System (CNS) Brain & Spinal cord form the central nervous system The brain provides integrative power Controls complex behavior of vertebrates The spinal cord integrates simple responses to certain kinds of stimuli conveys information to and from the brain

The brain & spinal cord are hollow The central canal of the spinal cord and the four ventricles of the brain contain cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) Gray matter White matter Ventricles Figure 48.20

The Peripheral Nervous System Somatic nervous system Autonomic Sympathetic division Parasympathetic Enteric Figure 48.21

The PNS transmits information to and from the CNS The PNS can be divided into two functional components Somatic nervous system Carries signals to & from skeletal muscles Autonomic nervous system Carries signals to and from internal organs and glands

PNS- Somatic Nervous System The somatic nervous system Includes the cranial nerves and spinal nerves Cranial nerves originate in the brain terminate mostly in organs of the head and upper body Spinal nerves originate in the spinal cord extend to parts of the body below the head

PNS The autonomic nervous system Regulates the internal environment, in an involuntary manner Is divided into the sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric divisions

The sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions Have antagonistic effects on target organs Parasympathetic division Sympathetic division Action on target organs: Location of preganglionic neurons: brainstem and sacral segments of spinal cord Neurotransmitter released by acetylcholine postganglionic neurons: in ganglia close to or within target organs Constricts pupil of eye Stimulates salivary gland secretion Constricts bronchi in lungs Slows heart Stimulates activity of stomach and intestines of pancreas Stimulates gallbladder Promotes emptying of bladder Promotes erection of genitalia Cervical Thoracic Lumbar Synapse Sympathetic ganglia Dilates pupil Inhibits salivary Relaxes bronchi in lungs Accelerates heart Inhibits activity of stomach and intestines Inhibits activity Stimulates glucose release from liver; inhibits gallbladder adrenal medulla Inhibits emptying Promotes ejaculation and vaginal contractions Sacral thoracic and lumbar some in ganglia close to target organs; others in a chain of ganglia near spinal cord norepinephrine Figure 48.22

The sympathetic division Correlates with the “fight-or-flight” response The parasympathetic division Promotes a return to self-maintenance functions- “rest and digest” The enteric division Controls the activity of the digestive tract, pancreas, and gallbladder

Summary Differentiate between the CNS and PNS