Lowi & Wilson Policy Typologies PUB/POS 340 11/06/07 Types of policies Why are we concerned with policy types anyway? Because they help us to understand when there is likely to be more conflict over the adoption, enactment, and implementation of policies There are three basic ways to think about policy types Substantive versus procedural policies (Anderson Theodore Lowi’s four part scheme Anderson’s Macro/Micro politics (synthesizes Lowi) James Q Wilson’s distributed costs and benefits Distributive and Regulatory Distributive Generally individualized decisions Low levels of conflict Lots of logrolling Hard to find actual “losers” Examples: water projects Regulatory Conflict between groups or coalitions of groups Tends to be rather more open Visible winners and losers Example: consumer protection law Self-Regulatory and Redistributive Policies Self-Regulatory Protection of particular trades or professions Usually at state level Example: Licensing Redistributive Shifts in wealth, property, income, or rights Examples: welfare, civil rights acts Difficult to pass because it requires that the less powerful prevail over the powerful. Micro versus Macro Politics

Lowi’s Policy Typology as updated by Ripley and Franklin Distributive Protective Regulatory Competitive Regulatory Redistributive

Distributive Generally individualized decisions Low levels of conflict Lots of logrolling Hard to find actual “losers” Example: water projects Distributive and Regulatory Distributive Generally individualized decisions Low levels of conflict Lots of logrolling Hard to find actual “losers” Examples: water projects

Distributive Policies Classic Logrolling Example Smooth Hawley Tariff Act 1930 Ideology or Logrolling? Background for Smoot Hawley Pastor / Callahan et al argued ideology Irwin and Krozner found logrolling Distributive and Regulatory Distributive Generally individualized decisions Low levels of conflict Lots of logrolling Hard to find actual “losers” Examples: water projects 4 4

Distributive Group A support for more benefits

Distributive Group A support for more benefits Pressure on + representatives for more benefits to group A +

Distributive Group A support for more benefits willingness to support Pressure on representatives for more benefits to group A + willingness to support other groups to get what you want

Distributive Logrolling Activity Group A support for more benefits Pressure on representatives for more benefits to group A + willingness to support other groups to get what you want Logrolling Activity

Distributive Benefits to interest group A Logrolling Activity + Group A support for more benefits Pressure on representatives for more benefits to group A + willingness to support other groups to get what you want Logrolling Activity

Distributive Benefits to other Benefits to groups interest group A Group A support for more benefits Pressure on representatives for more benefits to group A + willingness to support other groups to get what you want Benefits to other groups Logrolling Activity

Distributive Benefits to other Benefits to groups interest group A Group A support for more benefits Pressure on representatives for more benefits to group A + willingness to support other groups to get what you want Benefits to other groups Other group support for more benefits Logrolling Activity

Distributive Benefits to other Benefits to groups interest group A Group A support for more benefits Pressure on representatives for more benefits to group A + willingness to support other groups to get what you want Benefits to other groups Other group support for more benefits "other" benefits Logrolling Activity

Distributive Can you think of other examples? Distributive and Regulatory Distributive Generally individualized decisions Low levels of conflict Lots of logrolling Hard to find actual “losers” Examples: water projects

Protective Regulatory Conflict between groups or coalitions of groups Tends to be rather more open Visible winners and losers Example: consumer protection law Regulatory Conflict between groups or coalitions of groups Tends to be rather more open Visible winners and losers Example: consumer protection law

Protective Regulatory activity that harms people

Protective Regulatory Groups harmed by business practices activity that harms people +

Protective Regulatory Groups harmed by business practices mobilization of a coalition for regulation + activity that harms people

Protective Regulatory Groups harmed by business practices mobilization of a coalition for regulation pressure to regulate + activity that harms people

Protective Regulatory Groups harmed by business practices mobilization of a coalition for regulation pressure to regulate Regulation on business practices - + activity that harms people

Protective Regulatory Groups harmed by business practices mobilization of a coalition for regulation pressure to regulate Regulation on business practices - + activity that harms people harm to business profits

Protective Regulatory Groups harmed by business practices mobilization of a coalition for regulation pressure to regulate Regulation on business practices Businesses harmed by regulation - + activity that harms people harm to business profits

Protective Regulatory Groups harmed by business practices mobilization of a coalition for regulation pressure to regulate Regulation on business practices Businesses harmed by regulation Mobilization of business interest coalitions - + activity that harms people harm to business profits

Protective Regulatory Groups harmed by business practices mobilization of a coalition for regulation pressure to regulate Regulation on business practices Businesses harmed by regulation Mobilization of business interest coalitions deregulate the industry - + activity that harms people harm to business profits

Protective Regulatory Can you think of any examples? Regulatory Conflict between groups or coalitions of groups Tends to be rather more open Visible winners and losers Example: consumer protection law

Competitive Regulatory Protection of particular trades or professions Usually at state level Example: Licensing Self-Regulatory and Redistributive Policies Self-Regulatory Protection of particular trades or professions Usually at state level Example: Licensing

Competitive Regulatory Advantage of Business or Group A Market Share occupied by Group A +

Competitive Regulatory Advantage of Business or Group A Market Share occupied by Group A Perceived Monopoly by group A +

Competitive Regulatory Advantage of Business or Group A Market Share occupied by Group A Perceived Monopoly by group A Pressure to regulate industry - +

Competitive Regulatory Advantage of Business or Group A Market Share occupied by Group A Perceived Monopoly by group A Pressure to regulate industry Advantages to "other" businesses or groups + -

Competitive Regulatory Advantage of Business or Group A Market Share occupied by Group A Perceived Monopoly by group A Pressure to regulate industry Advantages to "other" businesses or groups Market share of other groups + -

Competitive Regulatory Advantage of Business or Group A Market Share occupied by Group A Perceived Monopoly by group A Pressure to regulate industry Advantages to "other" businesses or groups Market share of other groups Perception of a competitive market + -

Redistributive Shifts in wealth, property, income, or rights Examples: welfare, civil rights acts Difficult to pass because it requires that the less powerful prevail over the powerful. Redistributive Shifts in wealth, property, income, or rights Examples: welfare, civil rights acts Difficult to pass because it requires that the less powerful prevail over the powerful. Micro versus Macro Politics

Redistributive problems accumulating for the less powerful group

Redistributive problems reaching the national agenda + problems accumulating for the less powerful group problems reaching the national agenda +

Redistributive pressure to "do something" to help the less powerful problems accumulating for the less powerful group problems reaching the national agenda + pressure to "do something" to help the less powerful

Redistributive Status quo power to prevent policy change problems accumulating for the less powerful group problems reaching the national agenda + pressure to "do something" to help the less powerful Status quo power to prevent policy change

Redistributive Status quo power to prevent policy change problems accumulating for the less powerful group problems reaching the national agenda + pressure to "do something" to help the less powerful Policy change to help the less powerful group Status quo power to prevent policy change -

Redistributive Status quo power to prevent policy change problems accumulating for the less powerful group problems reaching the national agenda + pressure to "do something" to help the less powerful Policy change to help the less powerful group - Status quo power to prevent policy change

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