Presidential Leadership in the 1920’s President Warren G. Harding –H–H–H–Harding wins landslide election promising a return to “normal” Return to isolationism Pro-business policies Make economy grow and create jobs Americans were war weary & wanted a return to pre-war days

How did Harding Disappoint the People? Political Scandals –H–H–H–Harding’s political appointees were corrupt –C–C–C–Cabinet secretary was bribed and secretly leased land to oil companies at Teapot Dome, Wyoming –F–F–F–First time a cabinet secretary was sent to prison –H–H–H–Harding dies in office of a heart attack before scandals are connected directly to him

Calvin Coolidge Takes Office “Silent Cal” –S–Sworn in after Harding’s death –C–Coolidge was different from Harding Not a big speech maker or party thrower Coolidge repaired damage caused by scandals

Coolidge Prosperity “The business of America is business. The man who builds a factory builds a temple. The man who works there worships there” Calvin Coolidge What was Coolidge’s priority as president? –P–P–P–Pro big business –B–B–B–Business was the most important part in creating the American way of life –B–B–B–Began a period of rapid economic growth

Industry Booms –Q–Q–Q–Quantity of goods made by industry doubled –M–M–M–More jobs were made and incomes rose –P–P–P–People spent money on new products Refrigerators, radios, phonographs, vacuum cleaners –I–I–I–Installment buying (credit) allowed people to spend more money than they could afford –O–O–O–Overspending became a serious economic problem

A Soaring Stock Market –M–M–M–More people invested in the stock market than ever before. (Bull Market) –S–S–S–Stocks were bought on margin For 10% down payment, buyers held stocks until the price rose and sold it for a profit Margin buying works as long as stock prices rise –M–M–M–Margin buying became a cause for The Great Depression of the 1930’s

Foreign Affairs Presidents Harding and Coolidge kept the U.S. out of European affairs (Isolation) US remained out of the League of Nations The US intervened in Latin America when American business interests were threatened US signed the Kellogg-Briand Pact –This treaty outlawed war, but had no means of keeping the peace

Conclusion How did presidential leadership influence US policy during the 1920’s? –P–P–P–Presidential leadership: Created a strong economy Created a bull market Returned the nation to pre-WW1 isolation Increased jobs and family income Created an era of peace & prosperity

Social Changes/1920’s A ban on alcohol –P–P–P–Prohibition New rights for women –W–W–W–Women’s suffrage New inventions that bring social change –A–A–A–Automobile –R–R–R–Radio –M–M–M–Moving pictures (The movies) Repeal of Prohibition –B–B–B–Ban never stopped use of alcohol, respect for the law was undermined, amendment was repealed

New Inventions/Automobile Economic Effects –G–G–G–Growth in jobs (auto industry & related industries) Steel, rubber, and oil industries –R–R–R–Roads and highways are built (more new jobs!) –G–G–G–Gas stations, hotels, and restaurants sprang up across the country (more new jobs!) –N–N–N–New industries create new jobs Social Effects –G–Growth of suburbs People could live outside the city and drive to work (commute) –D–Driving gave women more freedom –E–Easier to travel and communicate with other cities & towns

SUSPENSE SHOWS NEWS SPORTS POPULAR SONGS How did radio change US society? Created a new lifestyle Families gathered around the radio for entertainment & information News traveled faster, revolutionized advertising, entertainment, politics

CONCLUSIONHow did cultural changes influence American society during the 1920’s? –P–P–P–Prohibition caused an increase in organized crime (organized crime remained after repeal) –W–W–W–Women’s right to vote forever changed American politics –W–W–W–Women’s role in society begins to change New roles/professions outside the home –N–N–N–New inventions created new industries and put more people to work/radio changed communication

1920’s Life & Times Fun times & Fads Fun times & Fads Flappers Flappers Young women who rebelled against tradition Young women who rebelled against tradition Short hair, short dresses, smoking, and bootleg alcohol Short hair, short dresses, smoking, and bootleg alcohol Other fads include: Other fads include: Flagpole sitting, dance marathons, the Charleston (dance) Flagpole sitting, dance marathons, the Charleston (dance) Fear of Communism & Anarchy (people who oppose the government) Fear of Communism & Anarchy (people who oppose the government) Communist leaders (Lenin/USSR) called for workers everywhere to overthrow their governments Americans saw strikes across the nation as the start of a communist revolution (Red Scare) During the Red Scare, thousands were arrested

1920’s Art & Social Attitudes Jazz blends W. African rhythm, African American Spirituals, European Harmony n new brand of music is appreciated by all Harlem Renaissance Rebirth of African American culture Langston Hughes was the best known poet of the era Writes about the experiences of African Americans African Americans face widespread prejudice Rebirth of KKK Racial tensions cause rioting in big cities Return of nativism (anti- foreign feeling) Quota system limits the amount of immigrants that can enter the U.S. System favored immigrants from N. Europe over W. Europe

Notable Events Sacco and Vanzetti Trial Trial symbolized the anti-foreign feeling of the 1920’s (Nativism) Sacco & Vanzetti were Italian immigrants who were arrested for robbery and murder with limited evidence After a trial that many thought was unfair, they were executed Scopes Trial The trial centered on the debate between the Biblical Creation Theory versus Darwin’s Theory of Evolution John Scopes taught evolution in class and was arrested Scopes was convicted and fined and the laws against teaching evolution remained but were rarely enforced

Heroes of the 1920’s Charles A. Lindbergh Charles A. Lindbergh Crosses the Atlantic in the Spirit of St. Louis Crosses the Atlantic in the Spirit of St. Louis Babe Ruth Babe Ruth Helped the Yankees win 7 World Series Helped the Yankees win 7 World Series Helen Wills Helen Wills Becomes tennis champ and a role model for women Becomes tennis champ and a role model for women

Chicago, Female Beach Goers Arrested for Indecent Exposure

I, too sing America. I am the darker brother. They send me to eat in the kitchen When company comes, But I laugh, And eat well, And grow strong. Tomorrow, I’ll be at the table When company comes. Nobody’ll dare Say to me, Eat in the kitchen, Then. Besides, they’ll see how beautiful I am And be ashamed— I, too, am America.

Anything Goes Words & Music by Cole Porter 1927 In olden days a glimpse of stocking Was looked on as something shocking Now heaven knows, anything goes Good authors too who once knew better words Now only use four letter words writing prose Anything goes

“America must be kept American” Calvin Coolidge

“The business of America is business. The man who builds a factory builds a temple. The man who works there worships there” Calvin Coolidge