Digital Imaging and Remote Sensing Laboratory R.I.TR.I.TR.I.TR.I.T R.I.TR.I.TR.I.TR.I.T Fire Measurements for Remote Sensing Data Acquisition Tools for Environmental Research Bob Kremens Jason Faulring

Digital Imaging and Remote Sensing Laboratory R.I.TR.I.TR.I.TR.I.T R.I.TR.I.TR.I.TR.I.T We have obtained NASA funding to support research for remote sensing of wildland fires

Digital Imaging and Remote Sensing Laboratory R.I.TR.I.TR.I.TR.I.T R.I.TR.I.TR.I.TR.I.T Remote sensing of wildland fires requires fundamental physical measurements and well-measured ground experimental set-up Fundamental parameters that are unknown or poorly measured:Fundamental parameters that are unknown or poorly measured: –Burn scar temperature as a function of time –Emissivity of flames s a function of flame depth –Emissivity of burn scar –Characteristics of narrow line emission from candidate elements (potassium, sodium phosphorus) –Characteristics of wide-band emission from (hot) molecular species (CO, CO 2,H 2 O, HC) –Effects on vegetation for mortality and BAER teams ‘Ground-truthed’ aerial data acquisition‘Ground-truthed’ aerial data acquisition –Multi- and hyper-spectral images using the MISI and WASP instruments –Well known, accurately measured ground targets »Charcoal beds, wood fires, reflectance tarps, reflectors »Dry-fuel/known fuel combustion with flames »‘Beach Burn 2002’, ‘The Dump’ 2002

Digital Imaging and Remote Sensing Laboratory R.I.TR.I.TR.I.TR.I.T R.I.TR.I.TR.I.TR.I.T We have developed a versatile electronic acquisition package ideally suited to field data collection Major Features:Major Features: –Position Aware –Versatile Data Inputs –Voice or Data Radio telemetry –Must be very inexpensive to obtain sufficient spatial resolution and usability

Digital Imaging and Remote Sensing Laboratory R.I.TR.I.TR.I.TR.I.T R.I.TR.I.TR.I.TR.I.T We call these position-aware devices ‘Autonomous Environmental Detectors’ - AED As-built Features:As-built Features: –8 channel, 12 bit A/D –Precision Thermistor conditioning unit –Internal non-volatile memory (64kBytes) –Radio voice synthesis –1200 bps RTTY or X.25 Packet modem (2-way) –GPS position detection –Commercial radio xceiver integrated »5w commecial xmit ‘decks’ »Handi-Talkie of any description (ham, FRS/GMRS, business band, etc. –Battery life management

Digital Imaging and Remote Sensing Laboratory R.I.TR.I.TR.I.TR.I.T R.I.TR.I.TR.I.TR.I.T I am very interested in ecology and effects of wildland fires, land use management through fire and firefighting methods Experience on 6 prescribed fires in east and westExperience on 6 prescribed fires in east and west Type II ‘red-carded’ firefighterType II ‘red-carded’ firefighter Need more data so we need partnersNeed more data so we need partners We can supply certain expertise and equipment and funding for our travel, lodging and laborWe can supply certain expertise and equipment and funding for our travel, lodging and labor

Digital Imaging and Remote Sensing Laboratory R.I.TR.I.TR.I.TR.I.T R.I.TR.I.TR.I.TR.I.T We have obtained USDA Forest Service (FS) funding for all-purpose AEDs USDA FS Joint Fire Sciences call for proposalUSDA FS Joint Fire Sciences call for proposal Team with FS for analysis, need determination and deployment on firesTeam with FS for analysis, need determination and deployment on fires Extends initial capability of AED with additional low-cost hardwareExtends initial capability of AED with additional low-cost hardware Provides unique features and capabilities of several very expensive units now used by the FS:Provides unique features and capabilities of several very expensive units now used by the FS: –Remote weather station( RAWS): ~$10,000 –IR radiometers: $1500 each –Alarm/sentry – not available –Radio reporting of data: not available –Low cost: ~$300 vs ~ >$10,000 for commercial units –Expendable

Digital Imaging and Remote Sensing Laboratory R.I.TR.I.TR.I.TR.I.T R.I.TR.I.TR.I.TR.I.T We have chosen sensors that are both state of the art and easy to use – and cheap! Temperature:Temperature: –Low temperatures: YSI 4900LS thermistor module –High temperatures: Type K thermocouple, AD594 TC conditioner –Radiometric: Dexter Research ACT01 and 2M broadband thermopiles Time: Dallas DS1302 synched to GPSTime: Dallas DS1302 synched to GPS Humidity and environmental temperature: Sensiron SHT75Humidity and environmental temperature: Sensiron SHT75 Wind speed and direction: AEG ElectronicaWind speed and direction: AEG Electronica Fire alarm: IR smoke sensor (90 o scattering) (homemade)Fire alarm: IR smoke sensor (90 o scattering) (homemade)

Digital Imaging and Remote Sensing Laboratory R.I.TR.I.TR.I.TR.I.T R.I.TR.I.TR.I.TR.I.T We use cheap trans-reflective PDAs to communicate with the AED PDA provides easy to read and use control and set-up for devicesPDA provides easy to read and use control and set-up for devices PDA costs $85 and can be expendable – but we haven’t lost any yet!PDA costs $85 and can be expendable – but we haven’t lost any yet! We can store data from loggers and communicate with devices (radio digital data link) using PDA as computer/storageWe can store data from loggers and communicate with devices (radio digital data link) using PDA as computer/storage

Digital Imaging and Remote Sensing Laboratory R.I.TR.I.TR.I.TR.I.T R.I.TR.I.TR.I.TR.I.T The cost of the electronics is under $100 If the device is too expensive no one will use itIf the device is too expensive no one will use it If the device is too expensive no one will burn itIf the device is too expensive no one will burn it These devices must be burned up on occasion or as a matter of operating procedureThese devices must be burned up on occasion or as a matter of operating procedure We need many data locations to assemble a data ‘field’ for modelingWe need many data locations to assemble a data ‘field’ for modeling

Digital Imaging and Remote Sensing Laboratory R.I.TR.I.TR.I.TR.I.T R.I.TR.I.TR.I.TR.I.T Our current data stream was chosen for simplicity We store data in a non-volatile RAM in comma delimited, CR/LF formatWe store data in a non-volatile RAM in comma delimited, CR/LF format –Inefficient, but universal –Data stream is minimal so overhead no problem –Do error checking by CRC or by repeating data –Xmission time (radio on) < 10 seconds Direct read-in via RS 232 or by removing memory ‘card’Direct read-in via RS 232 or by removing memory ‘card’ Radio data transmitted plain-language voice or RTTY using same format as stored dataRadio data transmitted plain-language voice or RTTY using same format as stored data Data field:Data field: Unique Instrument ID, Date, Time, GPS Latitude, GPS Longitude, Data Field 1,,,,,,…Data field N, CR LF Typical data field is 80- bytes long (per time point)

Digital Imaging and Remote Sensing Laboratory R.I.TR.I.TR.I.TR.I.T R.I.TR.I.TR.I.TR.I.T Example: 4-channel thermocouple temperature logger Uses 4 ADC channels for thermocouple dataUses 4 ADC channels for thermocouple data RTC and Position via GPSRTC and Position via GPS Field controllable using a Palm PilotField controllable using a Palm Pilot Rugged NEMA enclosure suitable for hostile environmentsRugged NEMA enclosure suitable for hostile environments VB download applicationVB download application

Digital Imaging and Remote Sensing Laboratory R.I.TR.I.TR.I.TR.I.T R.I.TR.I.TR.I.TR.I.T Example: Cheap fire weather station Under $250 so burn-over is OKUnder $250 so burn-over is OK Measures:Measures: –Wind Speed –Wind direction –Relative humidity –Air temperature –Ground/fuel temperature Can record, transmit data via voice or data link, or transmit alarms on ‘lookout’ conditionsCan record, transmit data via voice or data link, or transmit alarms on ‘lookout’ conditions A- $70 (unit qty.) wind speed/direction sending headA- $70 (unit qty.) wind speed/direction sending head B – Data acuistion box (RH, 4 ground temperatures) B – Data acuistion box (RH, 4 ground temperatures) Transmitter unit mounts on weather ‘pole’ Transmitter unit mounts on weather ‘pole’

Digital Imaging and Remote Sensing Laboratory R.I.TR.I.TR.I.TR.I.T R.I.TR.I.TR.I.TR.I.T Example: Handheld environmental logger Acquires precision temperature and location data (+/- 0.2C absolute, 0.05 resolution) 64 K memory = 1771 sample storage space Uses standard GPS unit PC application places data directly into Excel or ARCVIEW

Digital Imaging and Remote Sensing Laboratory R.I.TR.I.TR.I.TR.I.T R.I.TR.I.TR.I.TR.I.T Fun on fires

Digital Imaging and Remote Sensing Laboratory R.I.TR.I.TR.I.TR.I.T R.I.TR.I.TR.I.TR.I.T RIT remote sensing capabilities – MISI hyperspectral camera The MISI detector (Modular Imaging Spectrometer Instrument)The MISI detector (Modular Imaging Spectrometer Instrument) 70 channels 0.35 – 0.9 mm70 channels 0.35 – 0.9 mm 10 channels 1.1 – 14 mm10 channels 1.1 – 14 mm 5 channels ‘fire detection’ 12 bit X dual gain5 channels ‘fire detection’ 12 bit X dual gain –1.2 – 1.3 –1.5 – 1.8 – –3.2 – 4.1 –8.3 – 9.9

Digital Imaging and Remote Sensing Laboratory R.I.TR.I.TR.I.TR.I.T R.I.TR.I.TR.I.TR.I.T RIT Remote Sensing Capabilities – WASP Camera NASA funded COTS system integration projectNASA funded COTS system integration project 9 month delivery time on time under budget9 month delivery time on time under budget 4 camera slewing framing camera system4 camera slewing framing camera system SWIR, MWIR, LWIRSWIR, MWIR, LWIR –14 bits, 640 X 480 x 4 fields per mosaic (~2000 pixels across track) –Indigo Phoenix camera systems Visible RGB (radiometrically caliabrated)Visible RGB (radiometrically caliabrated) –16 Mpixel single shot at vertical (Nadir) Applanix IMUApplanix IMU

Digital Imaging and Remote Sensing Laboratory R.I.TR.I.TR.I.TR.I.T R.I.TR.I.TR.I.TR.I.T MWIR 3m Resolution 10,000 ft alt Visible 0.5m Resolution 10,000 ft alt Tarps 12” fires (outdoor grill) Vehicles Thermal “shadow” MWIR 1.1m Resolution 3,500 ft alt Visible 0.18m Resolution 3500 ft alt Running engine Imagery from RIT Wildfire Airborne Sensor Program (WASP) First Flight 14 July 2003