Three Aspects of Sustainability 1.Inter-generational equity “The goal of sustainability is to meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs” - The World Commission on Environment and Development Report (1987)

Three Aspects of Sustainability (cont.) 2.A full range of ecosystem goods and services “…21st century forestry will be defined by understanding and managing complexity, providing a wide range of ecological goods and services, and managing across broad landscapes.” Kohm and Franklin (1997)

Three Aspects of Sustainability (cont.) 3.Ecosystem capacity “Sustainability …has three aspects: ecological, economic, and social…the sustainability of ecological systems is a necessary prerequisite for strong productive economies, enduring human communities, and the values people seek from wildlands. We compromise human welfare if we fail to sustain vital, functioning ecological systems. It is also true that strong economies and communities are often a prerequisite to societies possessing the will and patience needed to sustain ecological systems.” USDA Committee of Scientists (1999):

CriteriaMontreal Process (1994) Helsinki Process (1994) Conservation of biological diversity Maintenance of soil and water resources Contribution to global carbon cycles Maintenance of ecosystem health Maintenance of ecosystem productivity (wood and non-wood) Provision of multiple, long-term socio- economic benefits Legislative, institutional, and economic frameworks √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ International SFM Criteria for Temperate and Boreal Forests

1. CONSERVATION OF BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY Vegetation types and structural classes Ecologically sensitive areas, e.g., riparian areas are retained Populations of indigenous species Exotic species 2. MAINTENANCE OF PRODUCTIVE CAPACITY OF FOREST ECOSYSTEMS Fragmentation and connectedness Linear features 3. MAINTENANCE OF FOREST ECOSYSTEM HEALTH AND VITALITY Disturbance processes 4.CONSERVATION AND MAINTENANCE OF SOIL AND WATER RESOURCES Hydrologic condition Pollutants Soil quality e.g., soil compaction, displacement, erosion, puddling, loss of organic material Soil nutrients Water quality e.g., dissolved oxygen, suspended sediments and water nutrients Morphology and function of stream channels MONTREAL PROCESS CRITERIA -- LUCID Indicators Community guild structure Species at risk Gene frequencies change Primary productivity Land base available for production

5. MAINTENANCE OF FOREST CONTRIBUTION TO GLOBAL CARBON CYCLES Nutrient cycling Ecological legacies and structural elements 6. MAINTENANCE AND ENHANCEMENT OF LONG-TERM MULTIPLE SOCIO-ECONOMIC BENEFITS TO MEET THE NEEDS OF SOCIETIES Wilderness Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal cultural, spiritual, social sites/values Scenery Recreational, tourism and education opportunities (by activity) Access to forest resources Worker health and safety Public health and safety Subsistence and non-subsistence gathering Rent capture 7. LEGAL, INSTITUTIONAL AND ECONOMIC FRAMEWORK FOR FOREST CONSERVATION AND SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT Ownership and use rights Participation/involvement in decision-making Mechanisms for economic benefits sharing Community economic trade balance (imports and exports) Annual and periodic removals of products (timber and non- timber) Money spent by visitors in local communities (by activity) Value to products including value-added through downstream processing Resource production component of economy Income from National Forest activities Employment of local population in resource management Community economic diversity MONTREAL PROCESS CRITERIA -- LUCID Indicators

Triad Model Reserves Developed Areas; Intensive Production Forests Sustainably managed forest

43% of forest are protected New Zealand – Native Forests

New Zealand – Planted Forests (Primarily Pinus spp.)