M4: Management: Planning, implementation and operation M 4-1: ecosan – strategies for an informed choice GTZ WSSCC Hesperian Foundation seecon International gmbh ACTS Agriculture -Crafts - Trades - Studies Dr. Johannes Heeb, International Ecological Engineering Society & seecon international Prof. Dr. Petter Jenssen, Department of Mathematical Sciences and Technology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences Dr. Ken Gnanakan, ACTS Bangalore, India Katharina Conradin, seecon international © 2006 DEMO-VERSION: LINKS TO EXTERNAL DOCUMENTS DO NOT WORK!

K. Conradin Materials included in this CD-ROM comprise materials from various organisations. The materials complied on this CD are freely available at the internet, following the open-source concept for capacity building and non-profit use, provided proper acknowledgement of the source is made. The publication of these materials on this CD- ROM does not alter any existing copyrights. Material published on this CD for the first time follows the same open-source concept for capacity building and non-profit use, with all rights remaining with the original authors / producing organisations. Therefore the user should please always give credit in citations to the original author, source and copyright holder. We thank all individuals and institutions that have provided information for this CD, especially the German Agency for Technical Cooperation GTZ, Ecosanres, Ecosan Norway, the International Water and Sanitation Centre IRC, the Stockholm Environment Institute SEI, the World Health Organisation WHO, the Hesperian Foundation, the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency SIDA, the Department of Water and Sanitation in Developing Countries SANDEC of the Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Sanitation by Communities SANIMAS, the Stockholm International Water Institute SIWI, the Water Supply & Sanitation Collaborative Council WSSCC, the World Water Assessment Programme of the UNESCO, the Tear Fund, Wateraid, and all others that have contributed in some way to this curriculum. We apologize in advance if references are missing or incorrect, and welcome feedback if errors are detected. We encourage all feedback on the composition and content of this curriculum. Please direct it either to or seecon Credits K. Conradin

ecosan Curriculum - Credits Concept and ecosan expertise:Johannes Heeb, Petter D. Jenssen, Ken Gnanakan Compiling of Information: Katharina Conradin Layout:Katharina Conradin Photo Credits:Mostly Johannes Heeb & Katharina Conradin, otherwise as per credit. Text Credits:As per source indication. Financial support:Swiss Development Cooperation (SDC) How to obtain the curriculum material Free download of PDF tutorials: Order full curriculum € 50 (€ 10 Developing Countries) Release:1.0, March 2006, 1000 copies Feedback:Feedback regarding improvements, errors, experience of use etc. is welcome. Please notify the above -addresses. Sources Copyright:Copyright of the individual sources lies with the authors or producing organizations. Copying is allowed as long as references are properly acknowledged. seecon Credits K. Conradin

Executive Summary 1.Content Overview 2.The Fuzzy Sanitation Problem 3.Implementing Sanitation and Hygiene: Assessing Needs 4.Planning for Sanitation 5.HCES: The Household Centred Sanitation Approach HCES: The Zonal Model of the HCES Approach HCES: Principle of Minimizing Waste Transfer HCES: Decision Making HCES: 10-step process 6.EcoSanRes: Open Planning of Sanitation Systems Step 1: Problem Identification Step 2: Identification of Boundary Conditions Step 3: Terms of Requirement Step 4: Analysis of Possible Solutions Step 5: Choice of the Most Appropriate Solution 7.GTZ: The ecosan project steps 8.CBS: Community Based Sanitation (BORDA) 9.WSSCC: Community Driven Development for Water and Sanitation in Urban Areas M. Kropac

Content Overview This module is supposed to give an overview of some decision-making approaches that explain how to chose an appropriate sanitation concept for a certain community. Household Centred Environmental Sanitation (HCES) Approach, the Ecosanres: Open Planning of Sanitation Systems Approach, the GTZ ecosan Project Steps, BORDA Community Based Sanitation Approach. K. Conradin

The Fuzzy Sanitation Problem Source: (1)

Implementing Sanitation and Hygiene: Assessing Needs Source: Hesperian Foundation (7)

Implementing Sanitation and Hygiene: Assessing Needs Health is not always the main reason why people want to have clean toilets, better water supplies, or improved hygiene. Other needs may include:  Privacy:  Safety  Comfort  Cleanliness  Respect Source: (7) J. Heeb Source: J. Heeb

Planning for Sanitation Every person and every community has a way of dealing with sanitation: Taking about sanitation is necessary  needs of men/women  needs of children  elderly  disabled All stakeholders must be able to identify with the toilet Source: Hesperian Foundation (7)

Planning for Sanitation Small steps to sustainable sanitation Small, step-by-step changes are easier than big changes all at once. keeping wash water and soap near the toilet adding a vent to a pit toilet adding a hard, durable platform to an open pit etc… These small changes may then clear the way for more thorough and sustainable solutions Source: Hesperian Foundation (7)

Planning for Sanitation  Prevent disease – it should keep waste and insects away from people  Protect water supplies – it should not pollute drinking water, surface water, or groundwater.  Protect the environment – ecological sanitation can prevent pollution, return nutrients to the soil, and conserve water.  Be simple and affordable – it should fit local people’s needs and abilities, and be easy to clean and maintain  Be culturally acceptable – it should fit local customs, beliefs, and desires.  Work for everyone – it should address the health needs of children and adults, of women and men, as well as disabled people Source: Hesperian Foundation (7) Every sanitation method should fulfil the basic considerations listed below:

Planning for Sanitation Source: (9)

Planning for Sanitation Sanitation decisions are community decisions  Because people have different sanitation needs, decisions about sanitation should be made by the people who will be most affected by those decisions.  Community participation can make the difference between success and failure when a government or outside agency plans a sanitation program. Source: Hesperian Foundation (7)

Informed Choice Informed Choice is based on a full understanding of the costs and benefits of all available options.  Who decides what service level the community will receive?  How are decisions made (meetings, voting, representatives)?  Are operation and maintenance responsibilities clear and presented to the stakeholders before decisions are made?  Does the project provide qualified assistance to facilitate decision- making?  Does the school make an informed choice to participate in the project?” Source: (5)

HCES: The Household Centred Sanitation Approach Source: (3) “The ‘Household-Centred Environmental Sanitation’ model is strongly based on the Bellagio Principles. It offers the promise of overcoming the shortcomings of business as usual because its two components correct existing unsustainable practices of planning and resource management. These components are: –Stakeholder at the core of the planning process: Direct response to the needs and demands of the user It is based on the following principles: Stakeholders are members of a “zone”, and act as members of that zone (“zones” range from households to the nation). Zones may be defined by political boundaries (for example, city wards and towns) or reflect common interests (for example, watersheds or river basins). Decisions: consultation with all stakeholders affected by the decision, in accordance with the methods selected by the zone in question

HCES: The Zonal Model of the HCES Approach Source: (3)

HCES: Principle of Minimizing Waste Transfer Circular System of Resource Management: minimize waste transfer across circle boundaries minimizing waste-generating inputs and maximum recycling/ reuse activities in each circle. emphasizes conservation (reducing imports) of resources, and the recycling and reuse of resources  waste is a misplaced resource. Source: (3)

HCES: 10-step process

EcoSanRes: Open Planning of Sanitation Systems Ultimately: All factors influencing the sustainability of a sanitation system,  local conditions,  applicable regulations  user preference must guide the choice of a sanitation solution. Open planning of sanitation systems attempts to have a cross-cutting approach in its five steps described below. Source: (8)

EcoSanRes: Step 1: Problem Identification “STEP 1: PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION  Stakeholder identification Source: (8)  Residents  Planners and political decision makers  Schools and commercial operations  Land owners  Contractors  Farmers  Community-based organizations  Other stakeholders, such as neighbours with freshwater wells, people living downstream, etc.  Engineers, both public and private  Funding agencies J. Heeb

EcoSanRes: Step 2: Identification of Boundary Conditions “STEP 2: IDENTIFICATION OF BOUNDARY CONDITIONS  Socio-economic patterns?  cultural habits?  Demand for improved sanitation?  Willingness to pay vs capacity to pay?  Legal framework?  Which waste flows exists?  What infrastructure is there?  Location of nearby streams and lakes?  Natural conditions (groundwater level, soil conditions, precipitation)?  Amount and quality of the wastewater fractions?  Successful sanitation schemes in neighbouring communities?” (8) J. Heeb

EcoSanRes: Step 2: Identification of Boundary Conditions  system boundaries  Where does the system begin and end?  All wastewater fractions included?  Management in a separate or combined manner?  Does the system include other houses?  Does the system include treatment or only collection and discharge to a larger system?  important for cost calculations  the definition of responsibilities J. Heeb

EcoSanRes: Step 3: Terms of Requirement STEP 3: TERMS OF REQUIREMENT (ToR) ToR should be comprehensive and include all factors needed to ensure sustainable sanitation in the actual context. all criteria need to be adapted to the actual case. In open planning organize the function requirements in two blocks, 1.FIRST BLOCK: primary functions: hygiene and disease protection, environmental protection resource conservation. 2.SECOND BLOCK: geared towards the user, userfriendliness, reliability, affordability responsibility and control are discussed.  Balance between the two needs to be identified. Source: (8) J. Heeb

EcoSanRes: Step 4 & 5: Analysis of Possible Solutions STEP 4: ANALYSIS OF POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS Analysis of different sanitation solutions complying to the ToR, with respect to all criteria in the ToR feasible? appropriate? Presentation of at least three appropriate solutions to the community  Explanation: why appropriate? Why not? STEP 5: CHOICE OF THE MOST APPROPRIATE SOLUTION Evaluation and comparison of alternatives Final choice by the future users Source: (8) J. Heeb

GTZ: The ecosan Project Steps Source: (10) Awareness raising Finalize plans Launch planning/consultation process Assessment of current status Assessment of priorities Identification of options Evaluate feasible service/reuse options Request for assistance Consolidate ecosan plans Decision workshop Implementation End or Repeat

GTZ: ecosan stakeholders The stakeholder analysis aims to give an overview on the possible types of stakeholders who may be involved in a project. (I) Users of sanitation facilities: (II) Users of the recyclates: (III) CBOs (Community Based Organisation) and self-help groups (IV) NGOs Source: (10) J. Heeb

GTZ: ecosan stakeholders (V) Local authorities (VI) Service providers (VII) Developers and investors (VIII) Financial institutions (IX) Research institutions Source: (10) J. Heeb

GTZ: ecosan stakeholders Source: (10) Further reading

CBS: Community Based Sanitation (BORDA) CBS projects: holistic and demand responsive approach.  Instead simply providing technical sanitation infrastructure, CBS-projects aim to improve hygiene behaviour and sanitation infrastructure in a more integrated and sustainable manner.  Focus on poor and densely populated areas See 4-1_AppropriateTechnology_TUTORIAL.ppt Module for more details Source: (7)

WSSCC: Community Driven Development for Water and Sanitation in Urban Areas Community-driven improvements in provision Alternative means to support improvements in provision for water and sanitation Financing water and sanitation improvements through loans and subsidies Engaging with small-scale private water and sanitation providers Tools and methods that support community-driven improvements for water and sanitation See 4-1_AppropriateTechnology_TUTORIAL.ppt Module for more details This publication describes community driven initiatives and discusses their relevance for meeting the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) target for water and sanitation. It includes chapters on:

Further Information on Individual Sanitation Solutions For more detailed technical information concerning ecological sanitation systems (ecosan), refer to Modules M3-1: ecosan technologies to close the nutrient loop M3-2: ecosan technologies to close the water loop  more specific information

GTZ WSSCC Hesperian Foundation END OF MODULE M4-1 Click here to go to the references part BACK TO THE MAIN MENU seecon International gmbh ACTS Agriculture -Crafts - Trades - Studies Dr. Johannes Heeb, International Ecological Engineering Society & seecon international Prof. Dr. Petter Jenssen, Department of Mathematical Sciences and Technology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences Dr. Ken Gnanakan, ACTS Bangalore, India Katharina Conradin, seecon international © 2006 FOR FURTHER READINGS REFER TO M4-1 TUTORIAL

++ References (1)Mang, H.P. (2005): Biogas Sanitation Systems. PowerPoint-Presentation, Ecological sanitation course, Norway August (2)SANDEC (no year): The Focus of SANDEC. Available at: (Accessed ). (3)SANDEC (2005): Strategic Environmental Sanitation Planning SESP. The Household Centred Sanitation Approach. Available at: (Accessed ). United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA): Decentralized Systems Technology Fact Sheet Septage Treatment/Disposal. EPA, Office of Water, Washington, D.C. EPA 832-F Available at: (Accessed ) (4)WSSCC, EAWAG/SANDEC (2005): Household-Centred Environmental Sanitation. Implementing the Bellagio Principles in Urban Environmental Sanitation. Provisional Guideline for Decision Makers. (5)World Bank 2005: Informed Choice. Available at: (Accessed ) (6)BORDA (no year): CBS Community Based Sanitation. Bremen Overseas Research and Development Association, Bremen. (7)Jeff Conant (2004): Sanitation and Cleanliness for a Healthy Environment. Hesperian Foundation in collaboration with the United Nations Development Programme UNDP and SIDA (8)Kvarnström, E. & af Petersens, E. (2004): Open Planning of Sanitation Systems. Ecosanres Resort Stockholm Environmen Institute, Stockholm, Sweden. (9)Malmqvist P.-A. (no year): The Swedish Urban Water Programme. Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg. (10)GTZ & UNESCO/IHP: Concepts for ecologically sustainable sanitation in formal and continuing education. Draft Version December Unesco/IHP and German Agency for Technical Cooperation GTZ. (11)Satterthwaite, D. with McGranahan, G. & D. Mitlin (2005): Community-driven development for water and sanitation in urban areas. Water Supply and Sanitation Collaborative Council WSSCC. New York. (12)Environmental Sanitation Working Group of the Water Supply and Sanitation Collaborative Council WSSCC (2004): Bellagio statement: Clean, healthy and productive living: A new approach to environmental sanitation. (13)Wyss Ph. & B. Züst (2000): Sustainable wastewater treatment with soil filters. Centre for Applied Ecology Schattweid, Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation SDC, Swiss Centre for Development Cooperation in Technology and Management SKAT

++ Abbreviations ACTSAgriculture, Crafts, Trades, Studies BORDABremen Overseas Research and Development Association CBSCommunity Based Sanitation CSCCommunity Sanitation Centre CSRM Circular System of Resource Management DEWATSDecentralised Wastewater Treatment Systems EAWAGSwiss Federal Institute for Environmental Science and Technology GTZGerman Agency for Technical Cooperation LOMWATSLow Maintenance Wastewater Treatment Systems DESANDecentralised Sanitation NGONon-Governmental Organisation SANDEC Department of Water and Sanitation in Developing Countries at the Swiss Federal Institute for Environmental Science and Technology (EAWAG) ToRTerms of Requirement UESSUrban Environmental Sanitation Services UNEPUnited Nations Environment Programme WSSCCWater Supply and Sanitation Collaborative Council

++ Glossary: Septage “‘Septage’ is the liquid and solid material pumped from a septic tank, cesspool, or other primary treatment source (4).” SEPTAGE