Skeletal Notes Part 2

Pathology of the Skeletal System Bursitis Bursitis(ber-SIGH-tis) Chondroma Chondroma(kon-DROH-mah) Inflammation of bursa caused by repetitive movements Inflammation of bursa caused by repetitive movements Chondr=cartilage Chondr=cartilage Oma=tumor Oma=tumor Slow-growing benign tumor that develops in cartilage Slow-growing benign tumor that develops in cartilage

Hallux valgus Hallux valgus (HAL-ucks VAL-guss) Luxation Luxation(luck-SAY-shun)Subluxation Common name- bunion Common name- bunion Abnormal enlargement of the joint at the base of the big toe. Shift in the joint creates pressure on other toes Abnormal enlargement of the joint at the base of the big toe. Shift in the joint creates pressure on other toes AKA dislocation AKA dislocation Dislocation or displacement of a bone from its joint. Dislocation or displacement of a bone from its joint. Partial displacement of a bone from its joint Partial displacement of a bone from its joint

Arthritis Arthritis Gouty Arthritis Gouty Arthritis An inflammatory condition of one or more joints An inflammatory condition of one or more joints AKA Gout AKA Gout Arthritis associated with the formation of uric acid crystals in the joint as a result of excess uric acid in the blood Arthritis associated with the formation of uric acid crystals in the joint as a result of excess uric acid in the blood

Osteoarthritis Osteoarthritis Aka wear and tear arthritis Aka wear and tear arthritis A degenerative joint disease that is commonly associated with aging A degenerative joint disease that is commonly associated with aging

Rheumatoid Arthritis Rheumatoid Arthritis An autoimmune disorder An autoimmune disorder Synovial membranes are inflamed and thickened. Other membranes are also attacked. Synovial membranes are inflamed and thickened. Other membranes are also attacked. Joints become swollen, painful and immobile Joints become swollen, painful and immobile

Herniated disk Herniated disk(HER-nee-ayt-ed) Lumbago Lumbago(lum-BAY-go) AKA ruptured disk AKA ruptured disk Rupture of the intervertebral disk that results in pressure on the spinal nerve roots. Rupture of the intervertebral disk that results in pressure on the spinal nerve roots. Low back pain in the lumbar region Low back pain in the lumbar region Spinal Column

Spondylitis Spondylitis(spon-dih-LYE-tis) Spondylosis Spondylosis(spon-dih-LOH-sis) Inflammation of the vertebrae Inflammation of the vertebrae Spondyl=vertebrae Spondyl=vertebrae Any degenerative condition of the vertebrae Any degenerative condition of the vertebrae

Spina bifida Spina bifida (SPY-nah BIF-ih-dah) Congenital defect that occurs during early pregnancy Congenital defect that occurs during early pregnancy Spinal canal does not close around the spinal cord Spinal canal does not close around the spinal cord Often caused by lack of folic acid during 1 st 3 months of pregnancy. Often caused by lack of folic acid during 1 st 3 months of pregnancy.

Curvatures of the spine Kyphosis Kyphosis(kye-FOH-sis) Lordosis Lordosis(lor-DOH-sis) Abnormal increase in outward curve of thoracic spine. Abnormal increase in outward curve of thoracic spine. AKA Humpback or dowager’s hump AKA Humpback or dowager’s hump Kyph=hump Kyph=hump Abnormal increase in forward curve of lower lumbar spine Abnormal increase in forward curve of lower lumbar spine AKA swayback AKA swayback Lord=bent backward Lord=bent backward

Scoliosis Scoliosis(skoh-lee-OH-sis) Abnormal lateral (sideways) curve of spine Abnormal lateral (sideways) curve of spine Scoli=curved Scoli=curved

Bone conditions Osteitis Osteitis(oss-tee-EYE-tis) Osteomyelitis Osteomyelitis(oss-tee-oh-my-LYE-tis) Inflamation of bone Inflamation of bone Inflammation of the bone and bone marrow Inflammation of the bone and bone marrow

Paget’s Disease Paget’s Disease(PAJ-its) AKA oseitis deformans AKA oseitis deformans Cause unknown Cause unknown Disease characterized by extensive bone destruction followed by abnormal bone repair. Disease characterized by extensive bone destruction followed by abnormal bone repair. Bones become deformed and weakened/may bend or break easily Bones become deformed and weakened/may bend or break easily

Periostitis Periostitis(pehr-ee-oss-TYE-tis) Rickets Rickets(RICK-ets) Inflammation of periosteum Inflammation of periosteum Peri-surrounding Peri-surrounding Ost-bone Ost-bone Caused by calcium and vitamin D deficiency in early childhood Caused by calcium and vitamin D deficiency in early childhood Results in demineralized bones and related deformities Results in demineralized bones and related deformities

Talipes Talipes(TAL-ih-peez) Aka clubfoot Aka clubfoot Congenital deformity in which the foot may be turned outward or inward Congenital deformity in which the foot may be turned outward or inward

Tumors of Bones Myeloma Myeloma(my-eh-LOH-mah) Malignant tumor made of cells from the blood-forming tissue of the bone marrow Malignant tumor made of cells from the blood-forming tissue of the bone marrow Usually progressive and often fatal Usually progressive and often fatal

Osteoporosis Osteoporosis Osteoporosis (oss-tee-oh-poh- ROH-sis) Loss of bone density and an increase in bone porosity Loss of bone density and an increase in bone porosity Usually associated with aging Usually associated with aging -porosis = porous condition -porosis = porous condition

Fractures Fracture Fracture Greenstick fracture Greenstick fracture Abbreviated Fx Abbreviated Fx A broken bone A broken bone Aka incomplete fracture Aka incomplete fracture Bone is partially bent and only partially broken Bone is partially bent and only partially broken Occurs mostly in children Occurs mostly in children

Closed fracture Closed fracture Open fracture Open fracture Aka simple or complete fracture Aka simple or complete fracture Bone is broken but there is no open wound in the skin Bone is broken but there is no open wound in the skin Aka compound fracture Aka compound fracture A fracture where the bone is broken and there is an open wound in the skin A fracture where the bone is broken and there is an open wound in the skin

Comminuted fracture Comminuted fracture Compression fracture Compression fracture Spiral fracture Spiral fracture Bone is splintered or crushed into small pieces Bone is splintered or crushed into small pieces Occurs when the bone is pressed together on itself Occurs when the bone is pressed together on itself Fracture in which the bone has been twisted apart Fracture in which the bone has been twisted apart Occurs as a result of a sever twisting motion or sports injury Occurs as a result of a sever twisting motion or sports injury

Stress fracture Stress fracture Small crack in bones that develops from chronic, excessive impact Small crack in bones that develops from chronic, excessive impact Usually due to sports injury Usually due to sports injury

Diagnostic procedures Arthroscopy Arthroscopy(ar-THROS-koh-pee) Bone density testing Bone density testing Visual exam of the internal structure of a joint using an arthroscope Visual exam of the internal structure of a joint using an arthroscope Aka bone mass measurement Aka bone mass measurement Use of several types of radiation tests to determine bone density. Use of several types of radiation tests to determine bone density. Tests are for conditions like osteoporosis, osteomalacia, and Paget’s disease Tests are for conditions like osteoporosis, osteomalacia, and Paget’s disease

Bone marrow biopsy Bone marrow biopsy Performed by inserting a needle into the hipbone or sternum and removing bone marrow cells Performed by inserting a needle into the hipbone or sternum and removing bone marrow cells Tells why blood cells are abnormal or to find a bone marrow donor match. Tells why blood cells are abnormal or to find a bone marrow donor match.

Ultrasonic bone density testing Ultrasonic bone density testing Bone sonometer. Bone sonometer. Uses sound waves to take measurements of the heel bone Uses sound waves to take measurements of the heel bone Screening test for osteoporosis or other bone mass loss conditions Screening test for osteoporosis or other bone mass loss conditions

Medications Nonsteroidal anti- inflammatory drugs Nonsteroidal anti- inflammatory drugs NSAIDs NSAIDs Used to control pain and reduce inflammation and swelling Used to control pain and reduce inflammation and swelling Meds in this group may also thin blood and attack stomach lining Meds in this group may also thin blood and attack stomach lining Ex: aspirin Ex: aspirin

Acetaminophen Acetaminophen COX-2 inhibitors COX-2 inhibitors Controls pain but without side effects of NSAIDs Controls pain but without side effects of NSAIDs Does not reduce inflammation Does not reduce inflammation Newer class of meds Newer class of meds Control pain and inflammation of arthritis Control pain and inflammation of arthritis Reduce side effects of NSAIDs Reduce side effects of NSAIDs

Bone marrow transplants AKA stem cell transplant AKA stem cell transplant Used to treat some types of cancers like leukemia and lymphoma Used to treat some types of cancers like leukemia and lymphoma Cancer is destroyed with radiation Cancer is destroyed with radiation Healthy bone marrow cells are transfused into recipient’s blood and migrate to spongy bone where they grow Healthy bone marrow cells are transfused into recipient’s blood and migrate to spongy bone where they grow

Autologous transplants Autologous transplants Allogenic transplant Allogenic transplant Most frequent type Most frequent type Uses some of patient’s own bone marrow that was harvested before treatment started Uses some of patient’s own bone marrow that was harvested before treatment started Used if patient’s own bone marrow can’t be used Used if patient’s own bone marrow can’t be used Uses bone marrow donor Uses bone marrow donor Needs to be perfect match or recipient’s body will reject the transplant Needs to be perfect match or recipient’s body will reject the transplant

Joints Chondroplasty Chondroplasty(KON-droh-plas-tee) Synovectomy Synovectomy (sin-oh-VECK-toh- mee) (sin-oh-VECK-toh- mee) Surgical repair of cartilage Surgical repair of cartilage Surgical removal of a synovial membrane from a joint Surgical removal of a synovial membrane from a joint Repairs joints damaged by rheumatoid arthritis Repairs joints damaged by rheumatoid arthritis

Arthrodesis Arthrodesis(ar-throh-DEE-sis) Joint Replacement Joint Replacement Revision surgery Revision surgery Fusion or surgical ankylosis Fusion or surgical ankylosis Surgical procedure to stiffen a joint or join spinal vertebrae Surgical procedure to stiffen a joint or join spinal vertebrae Replacement part is prosthesis or implant Replacement part is prosthesis or implant Substitute for a disease of missing part of the body Substitute for a disease of missing part of the body Replacement of a worn or failed implant Replacement of a worn or failed implant

Bones Craniotomy Craniotomy Aka bone flap Aka bone flap Surgical incision or opening into the skull performed to gain access to part of the brain Surgical incision or opening into the skull performed to gain access to part of the brain

Osteotomy Osteotomy Surgical incision or sectioning of a bone Surgical incision or sectioning of a bone May be performed to realign a joint damaged by arthritis May be performed to realign a joint damaged by arthritis

Treatment of fractures Manipulation Manipulation AKA closed reduction AKA closed reduction Attempted realignment of bone involved in a fracture or dislocation Attempted realignment of bone involved in a fracture or dislocation Bone is returned to normal alignment by manually applied forces and is then put in a cast Bone is returned to normal alignment by manually applied forces and is then put in a cast

External Fixation External Fixation Procedure where pins are placed through the soft tissues and bone so an external appliance can be used to hold the bones in place during healing Procedure where pins are placed through the soft tissues and bone so an external appliance can be used to hold the bones in place during healing Removed after bone heals Removed after bone heals

Internal Fixation Internal Fixation Aka open reduction internal fixation Aka open reduction internal fixation Procedure where pins or a plate are placed directly into the bone to hold the broken pieces in place. Procedure where pins or a plate are placed directly into the bone to hold the broken pieces in place. Not removed after fracture heals Not removed after fracture heals