H-1 Management Information Systems for the Information Age Copyright 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Extended Learning Module H Computer Crime and Forensics

H-2 Management Information Systems for the Information Age Copyright 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Presentation Overview Computer Crime Computer Crime Computer Forensics Computer Forensics Recovery and Interpretation Recovery and Interpretation

H-3 Management Information Systems for the Information Age Copyright 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Computer Crime Computer crime - a crime in which a computer, or computers, play a significant part. Computer crime - a crime in which a computer, or computers, play a significant part.  Illegal gambling  Forgery and money laundering  Child pornography  Electronic stalking  The list goes on…

H-4 Management Information Systems for the Information Age Copyright 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Computer Crime Outside the Organization Computer virus (or virus) - software that was written with malicious intent to cause annoyance or damage. There are two types of viruses. Computer virus (or virus) - software that was written with malicious intent to cause annoyance or damage. There are two types of viruses.  Benign viruses display a message or slow down the computer, but don’t destroy any information.  Malignant viruses damage your computer system.

H-5 Management Information Systems for the Information Age Copyright 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Computer Crime Outside the Organization Macro viruses - spread by binding themselves to software such as Word or Excel. Macro viruses - spread by binding themselves to software such as Word or Excel. Worm - a computer virus that replicates and spreads itself, not only from file to file, but from computer to computer via and other Internet traffic. Worm - a computer virus that replicates and spreads itself, not only from file to file, but from computer to computer via and other Internet traffic.

H-6 Management Information Systems for the Information Age Copyright 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Computer Crime Outside the Organization Denial-of-service (DoS) attacks - flood a Web site with so many requests for service that it slows down or crashes. Denial-of-service (DoS) attacks - flood a Web site with so many requests for service that it slows down or crashes. Distributed denial-of-service (DDos) – attacks from multiple computers that flood a Web site with so many requests for service that it slows down or crashes. Distributed denial-of-service (DDos) – attacks from multiple computers that flood a Web site with so many requests for service that it slows down or crashes.

H-7 Management Information Systems for the Information Age Copyright 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Computer Crime Outside the Organization Code Red was the first virus that combined a worm and DoS attack. Code Red was the first virus that combined a worm and DoS attack. Probably a hoax if: Probably a hoax if:  Says to forward it to everyone you know, immediately.  Describes the awful consequences of not acting immediately.  Quotes a well-known authority in the computer industry.

H-8 Management Information Systems for the Information Age Copyright 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Computer Crime Outside the Organization On Your Own What Polymorphic Viruses Are Floating Around Cyberspace?

H-9 Management Information Systems for the Information Age Copyright 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Computer Crime Outside the Organization Stand alone worms can run on any computer that can run Win32 programs. Stand alone worms can run on any computer that can run Win32 programs. Spoofing - the forging of the return address on an so that the message appears to come from someone other than the actual sender. Spoofing - the forging of the return address on an so that the message appears to come from someone other than the actual sender. Trojan horse virus - hides inside other software, usually an attachment or download. Trojan horse virus - hides inside other software, usually an attachment or download. Key logger, or key trapper, software - a program that, when installed on a computer, records every keystroke and mouse click. Key logger, or key trapper, software - a program that, when installed on a computer, records every keystroke and mouse click.

H-10 Management Information Systems for the Information Age Copyright 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Computer Crime Web Defacing Web defacing replaces the site with a substitute that’s neither attractive nor complimentary. Web defacing replaces the site with a substitute that’s neither attractive nor complimentary. Web defacing is a favorite sport of the people who break into computer systems. Web defacing is a favorite sport of the people who break into computer systems.

H-11 Management Information Systems for the Information Age Copyright 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Computer Crime The Players Hackers Hackers Thrill-seeker hackers Thrill-seeker hackers White-hat (or ethical) hackers White-hat (or ethical) hackers Black-hat hackers Black-hat hackers Crackers Crackers Hacktivists Hacktivists Cyberterrorist Cyberterrorist Script kiddies or script bunnies Script kiddies or script bunnies

H-12 Management Information Systems for the Information Age Copyright 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Computer Crime The Players Team Work Make up a Good Password

H-13 Management Information Systems for the Information Age Copyright 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Computer Crime Inside the Company Along with the traditional crimes of fraud and other types of theft, managers sometimes have to deal with harassment of one employee by another. Along with the traditional crimes of fraud and other types of theft, managers sometimes have to deal with harassment of one employee by another. Chevron Corporation and Microsoft settled sexual harassment lawsuits for $2.2 million each because employees sent offensive to other employees and management didn’t intervene. Chevron Corporation and Microsoft settled sexual harassment lawsuits for $2.2 million each because employees sent offensive to other employees and management didn’t intervene.

H-14 Management Information Systems for the Information Age Copyright 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Computer Crime Inside the Company On Your Own Digital Signatures and Certificates

H-15 Management Information Systems for the Information Age Copyright 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Computer Forensics Computer forensics - the collection, authentication, preservation, and examination of electronic information for presentation in court. Computer forensics - the collection, authentication, preservation, and examination of electronic information for presentation in court. In a well-conducted computer forensics investigation, there are two major phases: In a well-conducted computer forensics investigation, there are two major phases: 1. Collecting and authenticating electronic evidence. 2. Analyzing the findings. Computer forensics experts use special hardware and software tools to conduct investigations. Computer forensics experts use special hardware and software tools to conduct investigations.

H-16 Management Information Systems for the Information Age Copyright 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Computer Forensics The Collection Phase Step one of the collection phase is to get physical access to the computer and related items. Step one of the collection phase is to get physical access to the computer and related items.  Computers  Hard disks  Floppy disks  CD’s and DVD’s  Zip disks  Printouts  Post-it notes, etc. This process is similar to what police do when investigating crime in the brick world. This process is similar to what police do when investigating crime in the brick world.

H-17 Management Information Systems for the Information Age Copyright 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Computer Forensics Phase I - The Collection Phase Step two of the collection phase is to make a forensic image copy of all the information. Step two of the collection phase is to make a forensic image copy of all the information.  Forensic image copy - an exact copy or snapshot of the contents of an electronic medium.  MD5 hash value - a mathematically generated number that is unique for each individual storage medium at a specific point in time, because it’s based on the contents of that medium.

H-18 Management Information Systems for the Information Age Copyright 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Computer Forensics Phase II - The Analysis Phase The analysis phase consists of the recovery and interpretation of the information that’s been collected and authenticated. The analysis phase consists of the recovery and interpretation of the information that’s been collected and authenticated. The analysis phase of the investigation is when the investigator follows the trail of clues and builds the evidence into a crime story. The analysis phase of the investigation is when the investigator follows the trail of clues and builds the evidence into a crime story.

H-19 Management Information Systems for the Information Age Copyright 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Computer Forensics Phase II - The Analysis Phase Computer forensic programs can pinpoint a file’s location on the disk, its creator, the date it was created, the date of last access, the date it was deleted, as well as file formatting, and notes embedded or hidden in a document. Computer forensic programs can pinpoint a file’s location on the disk, its creator, the date it was created, the date of last access, the date it was deleted, as well as file formatting, and notes embedded or hidden in a document.

H-20 Management Information Systems for the Information Age Copyright 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Recovery and Interpretation Much of the information comes from: Much of the information comes from:  Recovered  Deleted files  Currently unused disk space  Deliberately hidden information or files People whose was recovered to their extreme embarrassment (or worse) were: People whose was recovered to their extreme embarrassment (or worse) were:  Monica Lewinsky  Arresting officer in the Rodney King case  Bill Gates of Microsoft

H-21 Management Information Systems for the Information Age Copyright 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Recovery and Interpretation Places to Look for Stray Information Information is written all over a disk, not only when you save a file, but also when you create folders, repartition the disk, and so on. Information is written all over a disk, not only when you save a file, but also when you create folders, repartition the disk, and so on. File remnants could be found in: File remnants could be found in: 1. Slack space 2. Unallocated disk space 3. Unused disk space 4. Hidden files

H-22 Management Information Systems for the Information Age Copyright 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Recovery and Interpretation Ways of Hiding Information Rename the file. Rename the file. Make the information invisible. Make the information invisible. Use windows to hide files. Use windows to hide files. Protect the file with a password. Protect the file with a password. Encrypt the file. Encrypt the file. Use steganography. Use steganography.

H-23 Management Information Systems for the Information Age Copyright 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Summary Assignments & Exercises 1. Find computer forensics software 2. Is your financial identity at risk for theft? 3. The international anti-cybercrime treaty 4. Does the fourth amendment apply to computer search and seizure?