Neuroscience & Biological Foundations CHAPTER 2 Neuroscience & Biological Foundations PowerPoint  Lecture Notes Presentation ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

Lecture Overview Neural Bases of Behavior Nervous System Organization A Tour Through the Brain Our Genetic Inheritance ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

Neural Bases of Psychology Neuroscience: interdisciplinary field studying how biological processes relate to behavioral & mental processes ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

Neural Bases of Psychology (Continued) Our nervous system consists of neurons (cells responsible for receiving & transmitting electrochemical information). ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

Neural Bases of Psychology: The Structure of a Neuron ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

Neural Bases of Psychology: Neural Communication Within a neuron, communication results from an action potential (a neural impulse that carries information along the axon of a neuron). ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

Neural Bases of Psychology: Neural Communication (Continued) Between neurons, communication occurs through transmission of neural information across a synapse by neurotransmitters (chemicals released by neurons that alter activity in other neurons). ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

Neural Bases of Psychology: Neural Communication (Continued) Receiving neurons receive multiple messages from other neurons. These multiple messages then determine if an action potential occurs or not. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

Neural Bases of Psychology: Neural Communication (Continued) Note how the axon terminals of sending neurons almost completely cover the cell body of the receiving neuron. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

Pause & Reflect: Assessment What happens to excess neurotransmitters or to those that do not “fit” into the adjacent receptor sites? (Answer appears on the next slide.) ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

Pause & Reflect: Assessment The sending neuron normally reabsorbs the excess (called “reuptake) or they are broken down by special enzymes. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

Neural Bases of Psychology: Applying Psychology to Everyday Life Key neurotransmitters: Serotonin Acetylcholine (ACh) Dopamine (DA) Norepinephrine (NE) Epinephrine (adrenaline) GABA (gamma aminobutyric acid) Endorphins ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

Neural Bases of Psychology: How Hormones Affect Us Endocrine System: collection of glands that manufacture & secrete hormones into the bloodstream ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

Why Do We Need Two Communication Systems—Neurotransmitters + Hormones? ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

Pause & Reflect: Assessment _____ receive information from other neurons. The _____ carries the neuron’s messages to other body cells. How does neural communication within neurons differ from communication between neurons? ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

Nervous System Organization Central Nervous System (CNS): brain & spinal cord Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): all nerves & neurons connecting CNS to the rest of the body PNS is subdivided into the somatic & autonomic nervous systems Autonomic nervous system subdivided into sympathetic & parasympathetic nervous systems ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

Central Nervous System: Important Terms Neuroplasticity: brain’s lifelong ability to reorganize & change its structure & function throughout the life span Neurogenesis: process by which new neurons are generated Stem Cells: immature (uncommitted) cells with the potential to develop into almost any type of cell ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

Pause & Reflect: Critical Thinking Understanding neurogenesis, neuroplasticity, & stem cells helps make us better informed consumers of scientific research & more knowledgeable participants in political debates. Can you explain why? ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

Nervous System Organization: Central Nervous System (CNS) Brain Spinal Cord (transmits information into & out of the brain ) ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

Nervous System Organization: Central Nervous System (CNS) The spinal cord is also responsible for involuntary, automatic behaviors called reflexes. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

Nervous System Organization: Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) PNS connects CNS to the rest of the body & is subdivided into: Somatic Nervous System (SNS): connects to sensory receptors & controls skeletal muscles Autonomic Nervous System (ANS): controls involuntary bodily functions & is further subdivided into: Sympathetic Nervous System (arouses) Parasympathetic Nervous System (calms) ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

Nervous System Organization Anatomy & functions of the sympathetic (arouses) & parasympathetic (calms) nervous systems ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

Pause & Reflect: Assessment You touch a hot stove & then immediately & reflexively pull away. This action was controlled by _____. After being startled by the sight & sound of a fierce dog rushing toward you, it is most likely that your _____ is dominant. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

A Tour Through the Brain ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

A Tour Through The Brain: Hindbrain Three key structures & functions of the hindbrain: Medulla: life survival functions Pons: respiration, movement, waking, sleeping, & dreaming Cerebellum: coordination of fine muscular movement, balance, & some aspects of perception & cognition ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

A Tour Through The Brain (Continued) Midbrain: collection of brain structures in the middle of the brain; coordinates movement patterns, sleep, & arousal Reticular Formation: runs through the hindbrain, midbrain, & brainstem; screens incoming information & controls arousal ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

A Tour Through The Brain (Continued) Forebrain: collection of upper-level brain structures, including the thalamus, hypothalamus, & limbic system Thalamus: relays sensory messages to the cerebral cortex Hypothalamus: responsible for drives, hormones, & regulating the body’s internal environment ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

Structures of the Forebrain ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

A Tour Through The Brain (Continued) Limbic System: interconnected group of forebrain structures involved with emotions, drives, & memory ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

Pause & Reflect: Assessment What are the three key structures of the hindbrain? The _____ includes the thalamus, hypothalamus, & limbic system. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

Pause & Reflect: Assessment ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

A Tour Through The Brain: Cerebral Cortex Cerebral Cortex: thin surface layer on the left & right cerebral hemispheres; regulates most complex behavior, including sensations, motor control, & higher mental processes ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

A Tour Through The Brain: Lobes of the Cerebral Cortex (Continued.) ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

A Tour Through The Brain: Lobes of the Cerebral Cortex Frontal Lobes: receive & coordinate messages from other lobes; responsible for motor control, speech production, & higher functions, such as thinking, personality, emotion, & memory ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

Pause & Reflect: Critical Thinking Phineas Gage’s mining accident sent a 13-pound tamping iron through his frontal lobes. How did this affect his short- & long-term behavior & mental processes? ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

A Tour Through The Brain: Lobes of the Cerebral Cortex (Continued) Parietal Lobes: located at the top of the brain directly behind the frontal lobes; responsible for interpreting bodily sensations Temporal Lobes: located on each side of the brain above the ears; responsible for audition, language comprehension, memory, & some emotional control ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

A Tour Through The Brain: Lobes of the Cerebral Cortex (Continued) Occipital Lobes: located at the back of the brain; responsible for vision & visual perception ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

A Tour Through The Brain: Motor Cortex & Somatosensory Cortex ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

Pause & Reflect: Critical Thinking Why are the hands & face on this drawing so large? What do they represent? ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

A Tour Through The Brain: Split-Brain Research Severing the corpus callosum provides information on the role & functions of the left & right hemispheres. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

A Tour Through The Brain: Split-Brain Research (Continued) ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

A Tour Through The Brain: Lateralization The left & right hemispheres of your brain each specialize in particular (but often overlapping) operations. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

Pause & Reflect: Assessment What are the major functions of the four lobes of the brain? The _____ hemisphere is primarily responsible for language, & it controls the right side of the body. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

Our Genetic Inheritance Behavioral Genetics: studies the relative effects of nature (heredity, genes, & chromosomes) & nurture (environment) on behavior & mental processes ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

Our Genetic Inheritance: Genes & DNA The nucleus of every cell contains genes, which carry the code for hereditary transmission. These genes are arranged along chromosomes (strands of paired DNA). ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

Our Genetic Inheritance: Genes & DNA Tongue-curling is one of the few traits that depends on a specific dominant gene. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

Our Genetic Inheritance: Twin Research ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

Our Genetic Inheritance Evolutionary Psychology: studies how natural selection & adaptation help explain behavior & mental processes ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

Our Genetic Inheritance Sex differences in lateralization. Note how activation (red color) is confined to only one hemisphere in the male brain on the left, & how it occurs on both hemispheres in the female brain on the right. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010

Neuroscience & Biological Foundations End of CHAPTER 2 Neuroscience & Biological Foundations PowerPoint  Lecture Notes Presentation ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010