1Space Exploration: Purpose and History Trey Smith, APO Merit Badge University, Feb. 18, 1999 Space Exploration: Purpose and History Trey Smith February 18, 1999

2Space Exploration: Purpose and History Trey Smith, APO Merit Badge University, Feb. 18, 1999 Reasons to Explore Space 10. International Diplomacy 9. Place a spy satellite over the Super Bowl 8. Researching the Universe 7. Researching the Sun, Moon, and planets 6. Technology spin-offs

3Space Exploration: Purpose and History Trey Smith, APO Merit Badge University, Feb. 18, 1999 Reasons to Explore Space 5. Space applications 4. Natural resources 3. Get Marvin the Martian’s autograph 2. Places to live 1. BECAUSE IT’S THERE!

4Space Exploration: Purpose and History Trey Smith, APO Merit Badge University, Feb. 18, 1999 Visions of Space Travel Once you have flown, you will walk the earth with your eyes turned skyward; for there you have been, there you long to return. -Leonardo da Vinci When ships to sail the void between the stars have been invented, there will also be men who come forward to sail those ships. -Johannes Kepler

5Space Exploration: Purpose and History Trey Smith, APO Merit Badge University, Feb. 18, 1999 Jules Verne His books inspired space travel visionaries Written in France around the time of the American Civil War Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea Around the World in Eighty Days

6Space Exploration: Purpose and History Trey Smith, APO Merit Badge University, Feb. 18, 1999 From the Earth to the Moon Set in the United States, Baltimore Gun Club Three men travel in a shell launched by a cannon Technical accuracy –Used retro-rockets –Slightly wrong about zero-g –Cannon idea still current In later life, Verne worried that technology was proceeding too quickly

7Space Exploration: Purpose and History Trey Smith, APO Merit Badge University, Feb. 18, 1999 Konstantin Tsiolkovsky Father of human space flight, around the time of the Wright Brothers Russian teacher, became interested in space as a young boy Understood weightlessness, escape velocity, rocket equation Invented staging, attitude control with gyroscopes, thrust vectoring The Earth is the cradle of Mankind, but we cannot live in the cradle forever. (1899)

8Space Exploration: Purpose and History Trey Smith, APO Merit Badge University, Feb. 18, 1999 Tsiolkovsky: Cosmic Philosophy Control of space is human destiny The 16 stages of progress include interstellar travel Understanding of the laws of nature will end suffering Space travel is necessary to study nature

9Space Exploration: Purpose and History Trey Smith, APO Merit Badge University, Feb. 18, 1999 Robert Goddard Turned space flight from vision to engineering At 16, he was inspired by H. G. Wells' War of the Worlds Imagined travel to Mars and dedicated his life to space flight In college, his tongue-in-cheek paper which suggested a moon shot was ridiculed Later in his life he was careful to avoid publicity It is difficult to say what is impossible, for the dream of yesterday is the hope of today and reality of tomorrow.

1010 Space Exploration: Purpose and History Trey Smith, APO Merit Badge University, Feb. 18, 1999 Robert Goddard In 1926, he launched the first liquid-fuel rocket Patented 214 inventions related to rocketry Later, working with the U.S. Army, invented the bazooka and JATO His engineering results were applied to the V-2 project in Germany

1 Space Exploration: Purpose and History Trey Smith, APO Merit Badge University, Feb. 18, 1999 Hermann Oberth Spread space flight ideas to Germany Read Verne's From the Earth to the Moon until he knew it by heart At 14 started to study space travel mathematically on his own Studied medicine, worked as a medic in World War I Rockets can be built so powerfully as to be capable of carrying a man aloft.

1212 Space Exploration: Purpose and History Trey Smith, APO Merit Badge University, Feb. 18, 1999 Hermann Oberth After the war his dissertation on rocketry was rejected (!) Followed Tsiolkovsky's work, proving that rockets capable of carrying humans were possible (1923) Taught von Braun, assisted with V-2 rockets and Explorer I Late in life, wrote political philosophy

1313 Space Exploration: Purpose and History Trey Smith, APO Merit Badge University, Feb. 18, 1999 Werner von Braun At 13, inspired by Oberth's Rocketry into Interplanetary Space Strapped rockets onto a wagon and let it roar across town Frustrated because he couldn't do the math, he studied harder and graduated at the head of his class The greatest gain from space travel consists in the extension of our knowledge. In a hundred years this newly won knowledge will pay huge and unexpected dividends.

1414 Space Exploration: Purpose and History Trey Smith, APO Merit Badge University, Feb. 18, 1999 Werner von Braun During World War II, led the V-2 project at Peenemunde Captured by the United States at the end of the war Led the U.S. Army team that launched Explorer-I, first U.S. satellite Built the Saturn V booster that carried Apollo to the Moon

1515 Space Exploration: Purpose and History Trey Smith, APO Merit Badge University, Feb. 18, 1999 Sergei Korolev Father of the Russian space program In the early 1930s he met Tsiolkovsky and devoted himself to spaceflight His rocket club was noticed by the Red Army

1616 Space Exploration: Purpose and History Trey Smith, APO Merit Badge University, Feb. 18, 1999 Sergei Korolev Stalinist purges sent him to a Siberian gulag Later he was moved to an "intellectual work camp" In 1946, he started developing ICBMs Even while doing military work, he used science instruments He led the Sputnik project and Russian moon attempts

1717 Space Exploration: Purpose and History Trey Smith, APO Merit Badge University, Feb. 18, 1999 Buzz Aldrin Bridges old and new astronaut corps After Korea, went back to get a Ph.D. Invented space docking and EVA procedures Flew with Apollo 11 because of his math skill Today, a spokesman for Mars exploration We who walked on the Moon were privileged to represent the hopes and dreams of all humanity. For one crowning moment, we were creatures of the cosmic ocean, an epoch that a thousand years hence may be seen as the signature of our century.