Animalia 007

Kingdom Animalia Eukaryotic Multicellular organisms True tissues. Heterotrophic nutrition

Kingdom Animalia Most exhibit significant capacity for locomotion. Cells not surrounded by cell walls. Includes sponges, sea anemones, snails, insects, sea stars, fish, reptiles, birds, and human beings.

Typical Animal Cell Eukaryotic Animal Cell

Phylogentic Relationships of Animals Ancestral Protist segmentation true tissue radial symmetry bilateral symmetry Deuterostomes: eucoelom Protostome: schizocoelem pseudo coelom Porifera Cnideria Platyhelminthes Nematoda Mollusca Annelida Echinodermata Chordata Arthropoda no true tissues acoelom

Phylum Porifera Class Hexactinellida Class Calcaria Class Desmospongia Purple and yellow tube sponge Boring sponge Class Sclerospongia

No true tissues or organs No symmetry No nerves or muscles Sessile Reproduce sexually and asexually Skeletons composed of CaCO 3 or SiO 2 spicules or spongin Filter feeders

Consists of organized cells supported by a skeleton of: spongin fibers calcareous spicules silica spicules a combination of these, or perhaps no skeletal structure at all

No Gut Sponges Phylum Porifera

A few species of fish seaslugs hawks bill and loggerhead turtles Can use toxins to ward off predators

Sponges provide habitat for wide variety of animals. As many as 16,000 different species of animals have been found in one loggerhead sponge.

Phylum Cnidaria Class Anthozoa Class Hydrozoa Class Scyphozoa Class Cubozoa Corals Anemones Hydra Portuguese Man-Of-War Stinging Limu Fire Coral True jellyfishBox jellies Sea wasps

Phylum Cnidaria Stinging cells & 2 stages in life cycle Radial symmetry Tissues and organs Diploblastic Mouth and digestive cavity (blind sac gut) 9,000 species

Close Up of a Portuguese Man-Of-War Class Hydrozoa

Class Scyphozoa

Box Jellies Seawasp Class Cubozoa

Subclass Zoantharia Order Actinaria Sea Anemones Class Anthozoa

Subclass Hexacorallia Order Antipatheria Black Coral & Wire Coral Wire coral Black coral Class Anthozoa

“True” Stony Corals lobe finger mushroom Porites rus Class Anthozoa

Phylum Ctenophora Diploblastic 8 rows or combs of cillia Colloblasts- adhesive structures Hydrostatic skeleton Blind sack gut

Phylum Platyhelminthes

Flatworms Blind digestive cavity Bilaterally symmetrical Thin, simple circulation Sensory organs at front Many parasitic 10,000 species

Fig Pharynx Gastrovascular cavity Mouth Eyespots Ganglia Ventral nerve cords Class Turbellaria Flatworm Anatomy

flatworm nudibranch

Staurosporine Tetrodoxin

Pseudoceros dimidiatus Pseudoceros cf. rubroanus Pseudoceros ferrugineus Pseudobiceros sp. Planocera cf. oligoglena

Phylum Nematoda

Roundworms Primitive body cavity Gut & Anus No circulatory system Nervous system Very successful- well adapted to every ecosystem Many are parasites 500,000? species

Phylum Nematoda

Phylum Annelida Class Hirudinea Class Oligochaeta Class Polychaeta earthwormsleachesmarine worms

Spaghetti worms Sabellastarte sanctijosephi Fireworm Fan worms (feather duster) Eurythoe complanata Christmas tree worm Spirobranchus giganteus Lanice conchilega

Phylum Mollusca Class Polyplacophora Class Gastropoda Class Bivalvia Class Cephalopoda More than 500,000 known species chitonsSnails nudibranchs clams Squid Octopus Cuttlefish Nautilus

Phylum Mollusca Well developed circulatory system Nervous system with brain Some with good eyes

Three main parts: Muscular foot- for movement Visceral mass- contains most of the internal organs Mantle cavity- houses gills

mantle foot visceral mass

Grazers (radula- scraping tongue) Filter feeding Egg eaters Active predation

Spanish Dancer (nudibranch) & egg mass Class Gastropoda Subclass Opithistobranchia Class Gastropoda Subclass Opithistobranchia

Cone shell Triton’s trumpet Cowery Opihi periwinkle Class Gastropoda Subclass Prosobranchia Class Gastropoda Subclass Prosobranchia

Class Polyplacophora

Class Bivalvia

Class Cephalopoda Day octopus

Class Cephalopoda

Octopus Intelligence

Mimic octopus from Indonesia flatfish lionfish Sea snake

Blue-ringed octopus Highly venomous

Phylogeny of Arthropods Arthropoda Worm-like Ancestor Trilobites (extinct) Annelids (worms) Onychophorans (worms w/legs) Chelicerates (spiders) Crustaceans (lobsters) Insects (butterflies)

Insects, crabs, spiders, barnacles Most species; 80% are insects Hard chitin exoskeleton (must shed to grow) Circulatory system with blood, heart 10,000,000? species Phylum Arthropoda

Existed mya Trilobites

Chelicerates Horseshoe crab Pycnogonida

ostracod brine shrimp mantis shrimps copepods barnacles Crustacea

Banded coral shrimp Spiny lobster Hawaiian cleaner shrimpYellow spotted guard crab Anemone carrying hermit crab Crustacea

Phylum Echinodermata Class Astroidae Class Ophiuroidae Class Echinoidae Class Holothuroidae Class Crinoidae Sea starsBrittle stars Crinoids Sea urchinsSea cucumbers

Phylum Echinodermata No circulatory system No respiratory system Excretion (N elimination) by diffusion Simple nervous system, no brain Water-vascular system

Sea Star Anatomy

Phylum Echinodermata Tube feet & associated plumbing Used for walking, clinging to substrate & holding food Water Vascular System

Class Echinoidea: sea urchins Echinometra mathaei Colobocentrotus atratus Echinothrix calamaris Slate pencil urchin Collector urchin

Class Holothuroidea: Sea Cucumbers Holothuria atra Polyplectana kerfersteninii

Class Asteroidea: Sea Stars Acanthaster planci

Class Ophiuroidea: Brittle Stars

Class Crinoidea: Feather Stars

Classification Phylum Chordata Subphylum Urochordata Subphylum Cephalochordata Subphylum Vertebrata tunicates lancets Agnathans Fish Sharks tetrapods

Chordate Characteristics

Subphylum Urochordata Subphylum Urochordata tunicate

Subphylum Urochordata Subphylum Urochordata tunicate

Subphylum Cephalochordata Subphylum Cephalochordata lancet

Subphylum Cephalochordata Subphylum Cephalochordata lancet

Hagfish Class Agnatha Subphylum Vertebrata

Class Agnatha Subphylum Vertebrata lamprey

Class Chondrichthyes Subphylum Vertebrata

Characteristics Posses jaws with teeth, cartilaginous skeleton, paired fins Scales (denticles) have same origin and composition as teeth Possesses 5-7 gills Spiral valve intestine Ureoosmotic strategy Lateral line No swim bladder Heterocercal tail Relatively unchanged (480 mybp) Sharks, skates, rays, chimera Class Chondrichthyes

Modern Sharks Planktivores Carnivores Parasites

Gill arch from basking shark

Cookie cutter shark

pores Detects weak magnetic fields produced by other fish

Ovipary- eggs enclosed in capsule; eggs are laid and hatched outside the mother Ovovipary- give birth to young, eggs develop in uterus Vivipary- give birth to young, placental connection

Antagonistic displays

Attacks on Humans Most occur in near shore waters Follow food Usually mistaken identification or territoriality Spear fishing

4 methods to minimize the risk of encountering a shark 1.stay away from harbor entrances 2.avoid going in the water early in the morning and late at night 3.stay in a large group of people 4.if spearing fish, trail fish behind you

Fins drying in Cape Town, S. Africa

Cartilage- prevents growth of blood vessels in tissue In theory, if it prevents the growth of blood vessels in tumors, the tumors would stop growing. Little solid evidence for ingesting over the counter capsules; they’re diluted with sugar or sterilized with ethylene oxide (a human carcinogen) Experiments with selacchi, derived from shark cartilage 90 g/day “+” results and FDA approved Also, harvesting sharks for unproven cure is detrimental to shark population

Characteristics Posses jaws with teeth, bony skeleton, paired fins 4 paired gill arches covered by operculum Intestine- simple, no spiral valve Swim bladder Lateral line Homocercal tail Scales- cycloid, ctenoid Class Osteichthyes

680 species of fish in the islands' waters. About 30% of these fish are endemic to the area. Class Osteichthyes

Domino damsel Trigger (Humu) Dwarf moray Porcupine trumpetfish Achilles tang White mouthed morey

Class Amphibia Characteristics Cold blooded Returns to water to breed Metamorphosis Some toxic Estivation-dry and hot Hibernation- cold 3,500 species

Class Amphibia Rana cancrivora

Class Reptilia Characteristics Cold blooded Have scales Amniotic egg Dry skin 3 chambered heart (except crocks) 6,500 species

Class Reptilia Sea snake Marine turtle Marine iguana Saltwater crocodile

Class Aves Characteristics Warm blooded Feathers and wings Hollow bones Horny bill Lungs have air sacks Hard egg shell

Class Aves

Class Mammalia Characteristics Warm blooded Have fur or hair Suckle young 3 middle ear bones

Class Mammalia Dugong manatee Sea otter Whales & Dolphins Polar bear Seals & sealions

Inquiry 1.Which marine mammals give birth at sea? 2.Which structure in sharks allows them to detect weak electromagnetic fields? 3.Which marine reptile is viviparous? 4.Jawless fish belong to the class_____. 5.Which invertebrate phylum molts?