1 Bragg Curve  Protons and Carbon

2 Application of Range  The localized energy deposition of heavy charged particles can be useful therapeutically = proton radiation therapy

3 Proton Therapy

4  Energy range of interest from 50 (eye) – 250 (prostate) MeV

5 Proton Therapy  asdf

6 Proton Therapy  Modulator, aperture, and compensator Modulator

7 Proton Therapy

8  Lung cancer treatment Intensity modulated radiation therapy vs proton therapy

9 Cyclotron  The first circular accelerator was the cyclotron Developed by Lawrence in 1931 (for $25)  Grad student Livingston built it for his thesis About 4 inches in diameter

10 Cyclotron  Principle of operation Particle acceleration is achieved using an RF field between “dees” with a constant magnetic field to guide the particles

11 Cyclotron  Principle of operation

12 Cyclotron  Why don’t the particles hit the pole pieces? The fringe field (gradient) provides vertical and (less obviously) horizontal focusing

13 Cyclotron  TRIUMF in Canada has the world’s largest cyclotron

14 Cyclotron  TRIUMF

15 Cyclotron  NSCL cyclotron at Michigan State

16 Cyclotron

17

18

19

20

21

22