CHROMOSOME FUSION?

WHAT IS MOST STRIKING HERE? Compare the Banding Patterns: 6 longest chromosomes of humans (Hu), are matched with 7 chromosomes from three ape species.

WHY COLORED TIPS? Why are the chromosome tips colored?

CHROMOSOME PARTS All Chromosomes have telomeres at their ends (like shoelace aglets!) Head Telomere Centromere Tail Telomere Telomeres have a unique DNA sequence… ttagggttagggttagggttagggttagggttaggg… |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| aatcccaatcccaatcccaatcccaatcccaatccc…

Let’s Narrow Our Focus: 6 longest chromosomes of humans (Hu), matched with 7 chromosomes from chimpanzees ONLY (Ch)

MORE QUESTIONS… Why are TWO shorter chimp chromosomes needed to match our #2 chromosome? Could our #2 chromosome have formed by the FUSION of TWO shorter chromosomes found in chimpanzees today (#12 and #13)? LIKE THIS…?

Chimp #13 Chimp #12 Human #2

PREDICTION If fusion occurred, then we should see DNA evidence of the head-to-head telomeres together near middle of our #2 chromosome Chimp #12 Chimp #13 Human #2 Fusion Area?

DNA DNA Sequence for Telomeres: ttagggttagggttaggg… |||||||||||||||||| aatcccaatcccaatccc… Head Telomere Centromere Tail Telomere NOTICE: Tandem Repeats in Telomeres: ttagggttagggttaggg… |||||||||||||||||| aatcccaatcccaatccc… Repeated times in each Telomere

EXPECTATIONS What will you look for? tandem repeats in fusion area Where will you look for them? middle of our chromosome #2 How can you look for them? search online DNA database What if evidence is NOT found? fusion may not have happened

CHROMOSOME FUSION Read the lesson Do the lesson - Go online Discuss the results Explanation? STOP HERE CONTINUE ONLY AFTER DOING LESSON or if there’s no time to do the lesson

STOP HERE (Results follow)

RESULTS agcacagacc tgggggtcac cgtaaaggtg gagcagcatt cccctaagca cagaggttgg ggccactgcc tggctttgtg acaactcggg gcgcatcaac ggtgaataaa atctttcccg gttgcagccg tgaataatca aggttagaga ccagttagag cggttcagtg cggaaaacgg gaaagaaaaa gcccctctga atcctgggca gcgagattct cccaaagcaa ggcgaggggc tgcattgcag ggtgagggtg agggttaggg tttgggttgg gtttggggtt ggggttgggg taggggtggg gttggggttg gggttggggt taggggtagg ggtaggggta ggggtagggt cagggtcagg gtcagggtta gggttttagg gttaggattt tagggttagg gtaagggtta agggttgggg ttggggttag ggttaggggt tagggttggg gttggggttg gggttggggt tggggttggg gttagggtta gctaaaccta accctaaccc ctaaccccaa ccccaacccc aaccctaccc ctacccctac ccctaacccc aacccccacc cttaaccctt aacccttacc ctaaccctaa cccaaaccct aaccctaccc taaccctaac ccaaccctaa ccctaaccct accctaaccc taacacccta aaaccgtgac cctgaccttg accctgaccc ttaaccctta accctaacca taaccctaaa ccctaaccct aaaccctaac cctaaaccct aaccctaaca ctaccctacc ctaaccccaa cccctaaccc ctaaccctaa ccctacccct aaccccaacc ccagccccaa cccttaccct aaccctaccc taacccttaa ccctaacccc taaccctaac ccctaaccct aaccctaccc caaccccaaa cccaacccta acccaaccct aacccctaac cctaacccct accctaaccc ctagccctag ccctagccct aaccctaacc ctcgccctaa ccctcaccct aaccctcacc ctcaccctaa cccaacgtct gtgctgagaa gaatgctgct ccgcctttaa ggtgcccccc aggtctgtgc tgaacagaac gcagctccgc cgtcgcagtg ccctcagccc gcccgcccgg gtctgacctg agaagaactc tgctccgcct tcgcaatagc cccgaagtct gtgcagagga gaacgcagct ccgccctcgc gatgctctcc ggctgtgtgc taaagagaac gcaactccgc cctcgcaaag gcggcgcgcc ggcggaggcg cggagaggcg

RESULTS CLARIFIED agcacagacc tgggggtcac cgtaaaggtg gagcagcatt cccctaagca cagaggttgg ggccactgcc tggctttgtg acaactcggg gcgcatcaac ggtgaataaa atctttcccg gttgcagccg tgaataatca aggttagaga ccagttagag cggttcagtg cggaaaacgg gaaagaaaaa gcccctctga atcctgggca gcgagattct cccaaagcaa ggcgaggggc tgcattgcag ggtgagggtg agggttaggg tttgggttgg gtttggggtt ggggttgggg taggggtggg gttggggttg gggttggggt taggggtagg ggtaggggta ggggtagggt cagggtcagg gtcagggtta gggttttagg gttaggattt tagggttagg gtaagggtta agggttgggg ttggggttag ggttaggggt tagggttggg gttggggttg gggttggggt tggggttggg gttagggtta gctaaaccta accctaaccc ctaaccccaa ccccaacccc aaccctaccc ctacccctac ccctaacccc aacccccacc cttaaccctt aacccttacc ctaaccctaa cccaaaccct aaccctaccc taaccctaac ccaaccctaa ccctaaccct accctaaccc taacacccta aaaccgtgac cctgaccttg accctgaccc ttaaccctta accctaacca taaccctaaa ccctaaccct aaaccctaac cctaaaccct aaccctaaca ctaccctacc ctaaccccaa cccctaaccc ctaaccctaa ccctacccct aaccccaacc ccagccccaa cccttaccct aaccctaccc taacccttaa ccctaacccc taaccctaac ccctaaccct aaccctaccc caaccccaaa cccaacccta acccaaccct aacccctaac cctaacccct accctaaccc ctagccctag ccctagccct aaccctaacc ctcgccctaa ccctcaccct aaccctcacc ctcaccctaa cccaacgtct gtgctgagaa gaatgctgct ccgcctttaa ggtgcccccc aggtctgtgc tgaacagaac gcagctccgc cgtcgcagtg ccctcagccc gcccgcccgg gtctgacctg agaagaactc tgctccgcct tcgcaatagc cccgaagtct gtgcagagga gaacgcagct ccgccctcgc gatgctctcc ggctgtgtgc taaagagaac gcaactccgc cctcgcaaag gcggcgcgcc ggcggaggcg cggagaggcg HEAD 13 HEAD 12 See where the head-to-head fusion occurred?

WHY THE SUDDEN CHANGE? taggggtggg gttggggttg gggttggggt taggggtagg ggtaggggta ggggtagggt cagggtcagg gtcagggtta gggttttagg gttaggattt tagggttagg gtaagggtta agggttgggg ttggggttag ggttaggggt tagggttggg gttggggttg gggttggggt tggggttggg gttagggtta gctaaaccta accctaaccc ctaaccccaa ccccaacccc aaccctaccc ctacccctac ccctaacccc aacccccacc cttaaccctt aacccttacc ctaaccctaa cccaaaccct aaccctaccc taaccctaac ccaaccctaa ccctaaccct accctaaccc taacacccta aaaccgtgac cctgaccttg accctgaccc ttaaccctta HEAD 13 HEAD 12 Why do the TANDEM REPEATS suddenly change from ttaggg to ccctaa ? Why so many slight variations in the number of t’s, a’s, g’s, and c’s in each repeat? DO THE LESSON, and find out!

WHY SO FEW REPEATS? gaaagaaaaa gcccctctga atcctgggca gcgagattct cccaaagcaa ggcgaggggc tgcattgcag ggtgagggtg agggttaggg tttgggttgg gtttggggtt ggggttgggg taggggtggg gttggggttg gggttggggt taggggtagg ggtaggggta ggggtagggt cagggtcagg gtcagggtta gggttttagg gttaggattt tagggttagg gtaagggtta agggttgggg ttggggttag ggttaggggt tagggttggg gttggggttg gggttggggt tggggttggg gttagggtta gctaaaccta accctaaccc ctaaccccaa ccccaacccc aaccctaccc ctacccctac ccctaacccc aacccccacc cttaaccctt aacccttacc ctaaccctaa cccaaaccct aaccctaccc taaccctaac ccaaccctaa ccctaaccct accctaaccc taacacccta aaaccgtgac cctgaccttg accctgaccc ttaaccctta accctaacca taaccctaaa ccctaaccct aaaccctaac cctaaaccct aaccctaaca ctaccctacc ctaaccccaa cccctaaccc ctaaccctaa ccctacccct aaccccaacc ccagccccaa cccttaccct aaccctaccc taacccttaa ccctaacccc taaccctaac ccctaaccct aaccctaccc caaccccaaa cccaacccta acccaaccct aacccctaac cctaacccct accctaaccc ctagccctag ccctagccct aaccctaacc ctcgccctaa ccctcaccct aaccctcacc ctcaccctaa cccaacgtct gtgctgagaa gaatgctgct ccgcctttaa ggtgcccccc aggtctgtgc tgaacagaac gcagctccgc cgtcgcagtg HEAD 13 HEAD 12 Count the TANDEM REPEATS in both telomere segments. (only about 37 ttaggg repeats in Head 13; about 88 ccctaa repeats in Head 12) Should be 800 to 1600 repeats, so… Why so many FEWER than typically found in telomeres? DO THE LESSON and find out!

Further Confirmation Comparison of DNA in Our Chrom. #2 with...

Another Confirmation Comparison of DNA in Our Chrom. #3 with...

Re-Check Banding Patterns Compare other chromosomes online: Human with Chimp, Dog…

MULTIPLE EVIDENCE Compare hominoid chromosomes Compare hominoid skulls Study pattern of hominid chronology Compare primate hemoglobins What do ALL of these patterns suggest? DO THE LABS!