INTERTIDAL ZONATION BIOLOGICAL FACTORS. 1. Grazing -growth of Laminaria - zone ends abruptly Why?

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Presentation transcript:

INTERTIDAL ZONATION BIOLOGICAL FACTORS

1. Grazing -growth of Laminaria - zone ends abruptly Why?

1. Grazing Experiment done in New South Wales, Australia

Underwood (1980 Oecologia 46:201) Used exclusion cages 1- Open2 - Fence3 - Roof4 - Cage Grazers excluded Grazers in Normal Shade Normal

1- Open2 - Fence3 - Roof4 - Cage Grazers excluded Grazers in Normal Shade Normal No growth or recruitment Recruitment but poor growth No growth or recruitment Recruitment and growth to nearly adult size Therefore - upper limit dictated by grazers

2. Predation Pisaster ochraceous on Mytilus californianus

2. Predation Pisaster ochraceous on Mytilus californianus

2. Predation Pisaster ochraceous on Mytilus californianus Time (Years) Height above chart datum Pisaster removal beginsPisaster removal ends

3. Competition ChthalamusSemibalanus

3. Competition EHWS MTL ELWS Chthalamus zone Semibalanus zone

3. Competition EHWS MTL ELWS Chthalamus zone Semibalanus zone Remove Semibalanus

3. Competition EHWS MTL ELWS Chthalamus zone Semibalanus zone Remove Chthalamus

3. Competition Lifted SmotheredCrushed?? Source of Mortality

3. Competition MHWS MTL MHWN MLWN MLWS Larval settlementEffects of physical factorsCompetition Chthamamus Semibalanus

4. Larval Settlement Generalized life cycle for marine invertebrates Dispersing larva (planktonic) settle juvenile adult egg

4. Larval Settlement Larval settlementFinal distribution pattern

4. Larval Settlement Larval settlementFinal distribution pattern happens because of 1. Indiscriminate settlement and high mortality

4. Larval Settlement Larval settlementFinal distribution pattern happens because of 1. Indiscriminate settlement and high mortality 2. Discriminate settlement and low mortality

4. Larval Settlement Flustrellidra lives on Ascophyllum Hurlbut ‘91 - Distribution of Bryozoans

4. Larval Settlement Hurlbut ‘91 - Distribution of Bryozoans Alcyonidium Chondrus Fucus Rock Geukensia

4. Larval Settlement Hurlbut ‘91 - Distribution of Bryozoans Flustrellidra Ascophyllum

4. Larval Settlement

Results Flustrellidra - larvae selectively settle on Ascophyllum - greater survivorship on Ascophyllum Alcyonidium -larvae show preferential settlement on Fucus and Chondrus - most adult colonies occur on rock

Summary Observed distribution and abundance temperature desiccationice wave exposure reproductive mode competition larval settlement predationsurvival grazing