4000 20000 BCE Time (years) CE Stone Age Bronze ageIron Age The ages of civilization and Metal Consumption.

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Presentation transcript:

BCE Time (years) CE Stone Age Bronze ageIron Age The ages of civilization and Metal Consumption

Mineral Resource Consumption Copper Lead Iron Aluminium Zinc

Metal consumption – resources

Life expectancies of resources of selected commodities based on crustal abundance

Metal Recycling

Rates Metal Recycling

Metallic Mineral Exploration – Looking for the proverbial needle in the haystack

Black Smokers and Massive Sulphide Ore Deposits 350 o C CuCl ZnCl 2 PbCl 2 Chalcopyrite Sphalerite Pyrite (FeS 2 ) (CuFeS 2 ) (ZnS)

Black Smokers Fluids precipitate sulphide minerals on the walls of the chimneys (Pyrite, FeS2; Chalcopyrite, CuFeS2; Sphalerite ZnS).

Massive Sulphide Ore Formation

Black Smokers and Massive Sulphide Ore Deposits

Sphalerite Pyrite Pyrite and sphalerite Sphalerite Pyrite Chalcopyrite Sphalerite Pyrrhotite Massive Sulphide Ores

Hydrothermal vein deposits 1 cm Hot water dissolves metals as complex molecules, e.g. H 2 WO 4 or Hg(HS) 2. Quartz and metallic minerals precipitate in fractures in response to cooling or changes in water chemistry Cinnabar (HgS )  m 10 cm Hg-bearing quartz vein Fluid inclusion Wolframite (Fe,Mn)WO 4 )

Porphyry Copper deposits 1 cm Porphyry ore Brine (NaCl-H 2 O) exsolves from cooling diorite intrusion Cu dissolved as CuCl 2, Fe as FeCl 2 Reaction with H 2 S on cooling to form chalcopyrite (CuFeS 2 ) Open pit mine

Au(HS) H H 2 O = Au O 2 + 2H 2 S Removed by boiling Native gold Formation of an epithermal gold deposit Gold-bearing quartz veins Native gold

Alluvial deposits Gold panning Gold nugget

Witwatersrand Goldfields Gold- bearing conglomerate (Produces 35% of world’s gold)

Understanding Planet Earth The Earth as a System