Database Management Data in organizations and the data management environment

Managing Data All the value of this company is in its people. If you burned down all our plants, and we just kept our people and our information files, we should soon be as strong as ever. Thomas Watson, Jr. Former chairman of IBM

Data, Information, & Knowledge Data Watson: “raw, unsummarized, and unanalyzed facts.” Information Watson: “data that have been processed into a meaningful form.” Knowledge Watson: “the capacity to use information… the expertise to make sense of… information… to interpret information and use it in decision making.” Information is created from streams of data through the application of knowledge.

Data – functions and impact through time… o Data facilitate business events, such as transactions, in the present. o Data produced during prior events constitute an historical record of the past that can be summarized, explored, and analyzed for insights... o … which, in turn, informs decision-making that shapes the future.

Desirable attributes: o shareable o transportable osecure oaccurate otimely orelevant Management of data Typical problems: o redundancy oinconsistency o lack of control oaccess problems -poor interfaces -long delays olack of richness olack of integration

Individual data management Internal memory is limited External memory extends internal memory

Calendar Organizing principles –Set amount of space –Ordering –Rapid access December 25, 1852 Staff Meeting Communication Project Planning Check lunch preparations Meeting with directory Vendor presentation Process paperwork Drive home Dinner Reading and relaxation © 1803, The Expeditioner, London

Name Address Rudyard Kipling Name Address Name Address Name Address © 1815, The Expeditioner, London PO Kyhber Pass Northwest Frontier India Jack London PO Klondike Alaska K-L K L Address book Organizing principles –Pre-formatted storage space –Ordering –Rapid access

To do list Organizing principles –Structure –Rapid scan support To Be Done This Week Action List Explore Nile Write journal Shoot crocodile Unwrap mummy √ √ © 1823, The Expeditioner, London

Organizational memory is supported by: o relational databases oother “database” technology - DBs based on older technology - object databases - spreadsheets - PDAs and cell phones - voic , , groupware - on-line documents o paper records omulti-media artifacts oformal decision models oemployees’ brains oorganizational procedures and routines osystems applications (In data management, computer databases are just part of the picture… ) (our focus)

Data management systems timeline File systems Hierarchical DBMS Network DBMS Relational DBMS Object-oriented DBMS

Flat File Database NameAddress CourseGrade Mark Freeman123 Main StEnglish 101B Mark Freeman123 Main StData StructureA Mark Freeman123 Main StPsych 101C Mary Smith413 Elm DrChemistry 200A Mary Smith413 Elm DrFrench 205B David Cole th Apt BAccounting 102 A

Hierarchical Database

Network Database

Network and Hierarchical Redundant Difficult to maintain –Required system-level understanding of underlying data structures to access data Costly –Labor –Computer resources –Time

Relational Databases E F Codd, 1970 Relational –Relations = Grouping of related data (tables) –Data stored only once –Query language for accessing data –Analysts no longer need know how data is stored! RDBMS (Relational Database Management System)

IT Org Chart CIO Operations Director Database Manager Database Administrator Data Center Manager System Administrator Network Administrator Support Manager Technical Support Application Support Application Development Database Architect Database Programmer

Information Technology Roles Database Administrator –Manages day-to-day operations, install, upgrade, data backup recovery Data Architect –Designs the database –Works with a business analyst to choose what data to store and how to organize it Database Programmer –Develops database applications: computer programs that allow users to retrieve and process data

Data Modeling – Top-down approach Data Model Data Definition Database Table

The database development lifecycle (DDLC)… and the Term Project Assignments Assignment 1: Data Model Assignment 1: Database Dictionary Assignment 2: Database Prototype Assignment 3: SQL Queries Completed by Instructor

Database Management Systems OLTP (Online Transaction Processing) –Many transactions –Short transactions –Volatile data Decision Support –Data Warehouse, Data Mining –Fewer transactions –Longer transactions –Static data

Database Management System Design Design decisions have significant future impact Reliability Scalability Security