Llad Phillips1 Is Criminal Justice Just?

Llad Phillips2 Outline The Cost of the Criminal Justice System The Cost of the Criminal Justice System Equity and Justice Equity and Justice

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Llad Phillips4 The number of CJS employees almost doubled, 82-01

Llad Phillips5 Corrections Outstrips Judicial

Llad Phillips6 Nominal Dollars

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Llad Phillips : Cost of Control: $93.8 Billion 1993: Victim Losses: $21.5 B + $72.9 B = $94.4B ( Impact of Crime On Society lecture) Total = $188.2 Billion

Llad Phillips12 Cost to Victims in US, 1993 Source: National Institute of Justice, Victim Costs and Consequences (1996)

Llad Phillips13 Damages: US Violence, 1993 Source: National Institute of Justice, Victim Costs and Consequences (1996)

Llad Phillips14 Total Cost ($188 B) = victim losses($94B) + Control Costs($94 B) Slope = -1 Crime Control Technology: loss rate*OF where OF = f(TC,SE) TC = $188 B, Control Costs Victim Costs $94 B 45 0

Total Cost ($188 B) = victim losses($94B) + Control Costs($94 B) Slope = -1 Crime Control Technology: loss rate*OF where OF = f(TC,SE) If CJS were efficient, then Crime Control Technology would be: TC = $188 B Control Costs Victim Costs $94 B CCT

Llad Phillips16 Is the US Criminal Justice System Efficient? If you believe US policies are correct then the previous slide may represent If you think the war on drugs is wasteful, then There are inefficiencies

Llad Phillips17 Policy Options House arrest for possession of drugs House arrest for possession of drugs  Save corrections costs: 1/3 state corrections and 6/10 federal = = $8.4 B Decriminalization Decriminalization  Save federal and some local enforcement and local judicial costs as well: fed enforcement in 92: 0.6*$17.4B= $10.4 B, 3/10 * ($ $10.052) = $ B 11.9, for a total additional $22.3 B

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Llad Phillips19 State Prisoners Federal Prisons: In 1996, Drug Offenders accounted for 60% of accounted for 60% of Federal Prisoners Federal Spending on Drug Control 1981$1.5 Billion 1989$6.7 “ 1990$9.8 “ 1995$13.0 “ 2000$17.9 “ 2001$18.1”

Total Cost ($158 B) = victim losses($94B) + Control Costs($64 B) Slope = -1 Crime Control Technology: loss rate*OF where OF = f(TC,SE) If CJS were efficient, then possible to save $ 30 B, and Crime Control Technology would be different since OF redefined (no drugs) TC = $188 B Control Costs Victim Costs $94 B $64B CCT TC = $158 B

Llad Phillips21 Is Criminal Justice Just?

Llad Phillips22 Los Angeles Times Wednesday, November 10, 1999-p. A1 Wednesday, November 10, 1999-p. A1  “Garcetti Seeks to Overturn 4 Cases Tainted by LAPD”` Thursday, November 11, p. A1 Thursday, November 11, p. A1  “Inmate Freed in LAPD Probe”  LAPD Ramparts station Officers Rafael Perez and Nino DurdenOfficers Rafael Perez and Nino Durden

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Llad Phillips24 U.S. News and World Report: “The Wrong Men on Death Row” “The Wrong Men on Death Row” 3517 inmates on death row 3517 inmates on death row since 1976, 486 executions since 1976, 486 executions 75 known cases of persons wrongly condemned to die 75 known cases of persons wrongly condemned to die  probability about 2 per 100 States with mistakes States with mistakes  Florida: 19  Illinois: 9  Texas: 7  Georgia: 6

Llad Phillips25 Gary Gaugher 8 months Rolando Cruz 10 years Perry Cobb 8 years Verneal Jimerson 11 Years Dennis Williams 16 years

Llad Phillips26 Are the risks of mistakes too high? Three factors in wrongful convictions Three factors in wrongful convictions  perjured testimony  faulty eyewitness identification  false confessions # 1 reason for wrongful convictions # 1 reason for wrongful convictions  incompetent legal representation  in 1996 Congress stopped funding legal aid centers in 20 states

Llad Phillips27 Questions About Crime Are there Inequities by Income class? Are there Inequities by Income class?  for victims? Are there ethnic or racial injustices? Are there ethnic or racial injustices?  for victims?  for offenders?

Variation by Region Controlling for why it happens

Llad Phillips33 Variation of Victimization with Class and Income The Distribution of Income The Distribution of Income  California Income 1993  Number of tax returns by adjusted gross income (AGI) class  US Income

Llad Phillips34 Average Annual Rate of Violent Victimizations Per 1000 Females Phillips’ Lecture 4

Victimization Rates by Income Class Source: Report to the Nation on Crime and Justice, Second edition

Source: California Statsitical Abstract

California: Number of Returns by Adjusted Gross Income,. Tax Year Adjusted Gross Income. Number

CA AGI, Frequency & Cumulative Frequency

Llad Phillips40 US Family Income 1995

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Equal Distribution of Income

Uniform Distribution of Income

US Family Income, 1994 Source: US Statistical Abstract

Llad Phillips46 Figure. Lorenz Curve and Gini Index=Pink Area/0.5 Equal:Gini = 0 Unequal: Gini =1

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Llad Phillips48 Households includes singles and unrelateds

Llad Phillips49 Why is Income Distributed So Unevenly? Labor Income is Unevenly Distributed Labor Income is Unevenly Distributed Part-time work Part-time work  less than 50 weeks per year  less than 36 hours per week

Victimization Rates by Income Class Source: Report to the Nation on Crime and Justice, Second edition

Crime Housing Value % Zoned for Lots > 25,000 Sq. Ft. Census Tracts in Towns in the Boston Area

Public Goods and Private Goods Private Goods Private Goods  consumption uses them up  what you eat is not available to nourish others Public Goods Public Goods  consumption does not use them up  national defense  safe streets  educated citizenry

Public  Goods Private Goods Optimal Mix Too Few Public Goods Slope of the Production PossibilityFrontier: Marginal Cost of Public Goods ÷ Marginal Cost of Private Goods How Much Government Should There Be? What is the right mix of public goods and private goods?

Llad Phillips59 Poverty in the US US Government Definition of Poverty US Government Definition of Poverty  Subsistence wage: $17603 in 2000  a non-farm family of four  cost of inexpensive but nutritious food times 3 assume food is 1/3 of budgetassume food is 1/3 of budget Trends in Poverty Trends in Poverty Incidence of Poverty Incidence of Poverty  elderly  children/families headed by single women  rural

Llad Phillips60 Poverty in the United States Economic Issues Economic Issues Political Issues Political Issues Social Issues Social Issues  changing behaviors  marriage trends  divorce trends  births out of wedlock

Llad Phillips61 Poverty Trends: US Census Bureau: Poverty in the United States: 2000

Llad Phillips62 Poverty and Female Heads of Households US Census Bureau: Poverty in the United States: 2000

Llad Phillips63 Poverty and Youth Lab 10: Children, Poverty, and Politics

Llad Phillips64 Child Poverty Poverty in the States ….”

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Llad Phillips68 Wall Street Journal, Feb. 5, 1996 Population as a Whole Population as a Whole  Blacks: 12% Drug Users Drug Users  Blacks: 13% Arrested for Drug Possession Arrested for Drug Possession  Blacks: 35% Conviction for Drug Possession Conviction for Drug Possession  Blacks: 59% Prison Sentence Prison Sentence  Blacks: 74 %

Llad Phillips69 Racial Equity in Sentencing Stephen P. Klein, Susan Turner, Joan Petersilia Rand Study, Feb. 1988

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Llad Phillips78 Business cycles and Racial Disparities in Punishment Samuel L. Myers and William Sabol Contemporary Policy Issues October 1987

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