I.Fishes - Overview B.Chondrichthyes (Cartilaginous fishes) 2.Rays and Skates Body dorsoventrally flattenedBody dorsoventrally flattened Often live on/near bottom (demersal)Often live on/near bottom (demersal) Gill slits (five pairs) on ventral surfaceGill slits (five pairs) on ventral surface Pectoral fins flat and greatly expanded, often fused with headPectoral fins flat and greatly expanded, often fused with head a.Stingrays Whip like tail with hollow spine (poisonous) at baseWhip like tail with hollow spine (poisonous) at base Eat small animals, including mollusks, crustaceans and fishesEat small animals, including mollusks, crustaceans and fishes b.Electric rays Stun prey and defend against predatorsStun prey and defend against predators c.Swimming rays Eagle, manta raysEagle, manta rays d.Skates No whip-like tailNo whip-like tail No stinging spinesNo stinging spines Lay egg cases (rays bear live young)Lay egg cases (rays bear live young)

Fig. 8.7

I.Fishes - Overview B.Chondrichthyes (Cartilaginous fishes) 3.Ratfishes Most common in deep waterMost common in deep water Single pair of gill slitsSingle pair of gill slits Feed on benthic crustaceans and mollusksFeed on benthic crustaceans and mollusks Fig. 8.7

I.Fishes - Overview C.Osteichthyes (Bony fishes) About 26,000 speciesAbout 26,000 species Skeleton made of boneSkeleton made of bone Cycloid (round, smooth) or ctenoid (spiny) scales made of boneCycloid (round, smooth) or ctenoid (spiny) scales made of bone Thin, flexible, overlapThin, flexible, overlap Bony operculum covers gill chamber on each sideBony operculum covers gill chamber on each side Caudal fin usually homocercal (vs. heterocercal in sharks)Caudal fin usually homocercal (vs. heterocercal in sharks) Fins composed of fin rays connected by thin membranesFins composed of fin rays connected by thin membranes Mouth typically terminalMouth typically terminal Jaws have more freedom of movement than in sharksJaws have more freedom of movement than in sharks Swim bladder to regulate buoyancySwim bladder to regulate buoyancy Helps to compensate for dense bony skeletonHelps to compensate for dense bony skeleton

Fig. 8.8

II.Fishes - Biology A.Body Shape Strongly related to lifestyleStrongly related to lifestyle 1.Fusiform, streamlined Sustained high speed (up to 50+ mph)Sustained high speed (up to 50+ mph) Ex – Tunas, mackerels, marlinsEx – Tunas, mackerels, marlins 2.Laterally compressed Slow cruising, occasional burst swimmingSlow cruising, occasional burst swimming Ex – Snappers, wrasses, butterflyfishesEx – Snappers, wrasses, butterflyfishes 3.Flattened Sedentary, often demersalSedentary, often demersal Ex – Flatfishes (flounders, halibuts, soles), sea robinsEx – Flatfishes (flounders, halibuts, soles), sea robins 4.Elongate, eel-like Cryptic, living in tunnels, crevicesCryptic, living in tunnels, crevices Ex – Moray eels, pipefishes, trumpetfishesEx – Moray eels, pipefishes, trumpetfishes 5.Unusual, irregular Often with camouflage color/patternOften with camouflage color/pattern Ex – Sargassum fishes, seahorses, trunkfishes, stonefishesEx – Sargassum fishes, seahorses, trunkfishes, stonefishes

Fig. 8.9

II.Fishes - Biology A.Body Shape Strongly related to lifestyleStrongly related to lifestyle 1.Fusiform, streamlined Sustained high speed (up to 50+ mph)Sustained high speed (up to 50+ mph) Ex – Tunas, mackerels, marlinsEx – Tunas, mackerels, marlins 2.Laterally compressed Slow cruising, occasional burst swimmingSlow cruising, occasional burst swimming Ex – Snappers, wrasses, butterflyfishesEx – Snappers, wrasses, butterflyfishes 3.Flattened Sedentary, often demersalSedentary, often demersal Ex – Flatfishes (flounders, halibuts, soles), sea robinsEx – Flatfishes (flounders, halibuts, soles), sea robins 4.Elongate, eel-like Cryptic, living in tunnels, crevicesCryptic, living in tunnels, crevices Ex – Moray eels, pipefishes, trumpetfishesEx – Moray eels, pipefishes, trumpetfishes 5.Unusual, irregular Often with camouflage color/patternOften with camouflage color/pattern Ex – Sargassum fishes, seahorses, trunkfishes, stonefishesEx – Sargassum fishes, seahorses, trunkfishes, stonefishes

Ch. 15, p. 326 Fusiform Video

II.Fishes - Biology A.Body Shape Strongly related to lifestyleStrongly related to lifestyle 1.Fusiform, streamlined Sustained high speed (up to 50+ mph)Sustained high speed (up to 50+ mph) Ex – Tunas, mackerels, marlinsEx – Tunas, mackerels, marlins 2.Laterally compressed Slow cruising, occasional burst swimmingSlow cruising, occasional burst swimming Ex – Snappers, wrasses, butterflyfishesEx – Snappers, wrasses, butterflyfishes 3.Flattened Sedentary, often demersalSedentary, often demersal Ex – Flatfishes (flounders, halibuts, soles), sea robinsEx – Flatfishes (flounders, halibuts, soles), sea robins 4.Elongate, eel-like Cryptic, living in tunnels, crevicesCryptic, living in tunnels, crevices Ex – Moray eels, pipefishes, trumpetfishesEx – Moray eels, pipefishes, trumpetfishes 5.Unusual, irregular Often with camouflage color/patternOften with camouflage color/pattern Ex – Sargassum fishes, seahorses, trunkfishes, stonefishesEx – Sargassum fishes, seahorses, trunkfishes, stonefishes

Laterally Compressed Video

II.Fishes - Biology A.Body Shape Strongly related to lifestyleStrongly related to lifestyle 1.Fusiform, streamlined Sustained high speed (up to 50+ mph)Sustained high speed (up to 50+ mph) Ex – Tunas, mackerels, marlinsEx – Tunas, mackerels, marlins 2.Laterally compressed Slow cruising, occasional burst swimmingSlow cruising, occasional burst swimming Ex – Snappers, wrasses, butterflyfishesEx – Snappers, wrasses, butterflyfishes 3.Flattened Sedentary, often demersalSedentary, often demersal Ex – Flatfishes (flounders, halibuts, soles), sea robinsEx – Flatfishes (flounders, halibuts, soles), sea robins 4.Elongate, eel-like Cryptic, living in tunnels, crevicesCryptic, living in tunnels, crevices Ex – Moray eels, pipefishes, trumpetfishesEx – Moray eels, pipefishes, trumpetfishes 5.Unusual, irregular Often with camouflage color/patternOften with camouflage color/pattern Ex – Sargassum fishes, seahorses, trunkfishes, stonefishesEx – Sargassum fishes, seahorses, trunkfishes, stonefishes

Flattened Hilburt

II.Fishes - Biology A.Body Shape Strongly related to lifestyleStrongly related to lifestyle 1.Fusiform, streamlined Sustained high speed (up to 50+ mph)Sustained high speed (up to 50+ mph) Ex – Tunas, mackerels, marlinsEx – Tunas, mackerels, marlins 2.Laterally compressed Slow cruising, occasional burst swimmingSlow cruising, occasional burst swimming Ex – Snappers, wrasses, butterflyfishesEx – Snappers, wrasses, butterflyfishes 3.Flattened Sedentary, often demersalSedentary, often demersal Ex – Flatfishes (flounders, halibuts, soles), sea robinsEx – Flatfishes (flounders, halibuts, soles), sea robins 4.Elongate, eel-like Cryptic, living in tunnels, crevicesCryptic, living in tunnels, crevices Ex – Moray eels, pipefishes, trumpetfishesEx – Moray eels, pipefishes, trumpetfishes 5.Unusual, irregular Often with camouflage color/patternOften with camouflage color/pattern Ex – Sargassum fishes, seahorses, trunkfishes, stonefishesEx – Sargassum fishes, seahorses, trunkfishes, stonefishes

Elongate Video

II.Fishes - Biology A.Body Shape Strongly related to lifestyleStrongly related to lifestyle 1.Fusiform, streamlined Sustained high speed (up to 50+ mph)Sustained high speed (up to 50+ mph) Ex – Tunas, mackerels, marlinsEx – Tunas, mackerels, marlins 2.Laterally compressed Slow cruising, occasional burst swimmingSlow cruising, occasional burst swimming Ex – Snappers, wrasses, butterflyfishesEx – Snappers, wrasses, butterflyfishes 3.Flattened Sedentary, often demersalSedentary, often demersal Ex – Flatfishes (flounders, halibuts, soles), sea robinsEx – Flatfishes (flounders, halibuts, soles), sea robins 4.Elongate, eel-like Cryptic, living in tunnels, crevicesCryptic, living in tunnels, crevices Ex – Moray eels, pipefishes, trumpetfishesEx – Moray eels, pipefishes, trumpetfishes 5.Unusual, irregular Often with camouflage color/patternOften with camouflage color/pattern Ex – Sargassum fishes, seahorses, trunkfishes, stonefishesEx – Sargassum fishes, seahorses, trunkfishes, stonefishes

Irregular Video