Aversion David Levinson

Is Race (Still) an Issue in Transport & Land Use? Why? Why Not?

American Apartheid (Massey & Denton) Sources of Racism Theories: Culture of Poverty Insitutional Racism Welfare Disincentives Structural Economic Change (leading to spatial mismatch) Spatial Segregation

Segregation Self-Segregation Why would a group self-segregate? Assimiliation vs. Melting Pot vs. Salad Bowl Segregation when integration is preferred Segregation of blacks vs. other minorities.

Segregation & Poverty Interaction of segregation and high poverty levels exacerbates problem If poverty rates are higher in the segregated group than average, all in the segregated group live a disproportionately poor area.

Dimensions of (Hyper)Segregation Unevenness - blacks overrepresented in some areas, underrepresented in others (Dissimilarity) Isolation - blacks don’t share neighborhoods with whites (=100 when all blacks live in black only neighborhoods) Clustering - black neighborhoods may be clustered (so that they adjoin) (or they may be checkerboard)( = 100 when all black neighborhoods contiguous) Centralization- around the urban core, or out in the suburbs. (=100 if all black neighborhoods in urban core) Concentration - in a small area, or over a large area. (relative amount of physical space occupied by group = 100 when blacks occupy smallest possible area) Measures largely reflect the same phenomenon, but are defined somewhat differently.

Dissimilarity Index Where: Gi = population of group g in area i Hi = population of group h in area i G = total population of group g in all areas H = total population of group h in all areas The higher the more dissimilar (100 = max dissimilarity)

The South is Less Segregated Measure Northern Areas Southern Areas Unevenness 80.1 68.3 Isolation 66.1 63.5 Clustering 52.2 30.9 Centralization 88.4 75.3 Concentration 83.3 60.8 American Apartheid Table 3.4

Racial Profile of areas in Columbia, MD

Dissimilarity Index From Columbia, MD (/100)

Neighborhood Preference How similar should the neighbors be? E.g. A survey of Detroit found that a majority of blacks preferred living in a neighborhood that was 50% black, Whites on the other hand would prefer a neighborhood more than 50% white.

Schelling Model Schelling.xls schelling Folder/Schelling's segregat - B7E79.html

Gini Coefficient & Lorenz Curve

Environmental Justice Only considers "fair treatment for people of all races, cultures, and incomes (Executive Order 12898)" regarding the development of environmental laws and policies. It thus only examines environmental outcomes and only addresses a few strata. What about Transportation Justice? What about Economic Opportunity?

Equity Math 0% redundancy indicates complete equality Entropy H ->0 as distribution is completely inequitable

Equity Impact Statement

Racism & Transit Bus transit is perceived as largely serving poor and minority passengers. Rail transit is perceived as largely serving middle class white passengers. Efforts to build rail transit absorb a large share of transit funding, and serve those who have choices, at the expense of those who don’t.

Conclusions Equity matters for 2 reasons Equity is the “right thing” to do As minority groups become empowered, Equity becomes the efficient thing to do, since in the absence of its recognition, nothing could be built. In economic terms, the “side payments” are worth the cost Race and location are the source of among the greatest inequities in our society, though not the only ones.