英汉翻译（一）：教学大纲 Chapter 3 Morphology 2017年4月17日星期一 河南大学外语学院 姜玲

outline 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Morpheme 3.2.1 Free morpheme 3.2.2 Bound morpheme 3.3 Morphs and Allomorphs 3.4 Types of Word Formation 3.4.1 Compounding 3.4.2 Derivation 3.4.3 Other ways (Conversion, Backformation, Clipping, Blending, Acronym, Initialism) 2017年4月17日星期一 河南大学外语学院 姜玲

3.1 Introduction Definition of morphology Morphology is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure, forms and classes of words. un -+-ly → unfriendly;unhappily; unkindly; unlonely -fy → purify; simplify; falsify; amplify 2017年4月17日星期一 河南大学外语学院 姜玲

3.2 Morpheme It is a minimal unit of meaning or grammatical function. tourists: tour; -ist; -s talks; talker; talked; talking Types of morpheme: free morpheme and bound morpheme 2017年4月17日星期一 河南大学外语学院 姜玲

3.2.1 Free morpheme Free morphemes are independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselves. friend, happy, kind, simple, false, tour, talk, etc. Root: the basic element of a word that can stand by itself: talk, internationalism, work/shop, black/bird Stem: the element involved in a word without the last added bound morpheme: friends, friendships 2017年4月17日星期一 河南大学外语学院 姜玲

Stem A stem may be: a simple stem consisting of only one morpheme, in which case the root and the stem are the same: work, talk a root plus a derivational affix: workers two or more roots: work\shops 2017年4月17日星期一 河南大学外语学院 姜玲

Lexical (open) morphemes vs Functional (close) morphemes Lexical (open) morphemes are the set of ordinary nouns, verbs and adjectives that carry the content of message we convey. Since we can create new lexical morphemes for the language rather easily, they are called an open class of words: book, desk, house, love, look, long, happy Functional (close) morphemes consist of the functional words in the language such as conjunctions, articles, prepositions and pronouns. As we almost never add new functional morphemes to the language, they are called a closed class of words: and, but, because, if, when, on, above, in, it, the, that 2017年4月17日星期一 河南大学外语学院 姜玲

3.2.2 Bound morpheme Bound morphemes are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word. They are actually affixes, including prefixes and suffixes: -ly, un-, -ist, -s, -er, -ed, -ing. In some languages, there are also infixes. Prefixes are joined to the beginning of the root or stem. They can change the meaning or function of the word. Impossible, unbelievable, enrich Suffixes are joined to the end of the root or stem. They can also change the meaning or function of the word. hopeless, kindness 2017年4月17日星期一 河南大学外语学院 姜玲

Derivational morphemes vs Inflectional morphemes Derivational morphemes are OFTEN used to make new words of a different grammatical category from the stem. –ness, -less, -ful, -ly; re-, pre-, dis-, co-, im-, un- Inflectional morphemes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories such as number, tense, degree and case. 2017年4月17日星期一 河南大学外语学院 姜玲

Inflectional morphemes in English English has only eight inflectional morphemes: -’s: possessive -s: plural -s: 3rd person present singular -ing: present participle -ed: past tense and past participle -en: past participle -er: comparative -est: superlative 2017年4月17日星期一 河南大学外语学院 姜玲

Differences between derivational morpheme and inflectional morpheme Derivational morphemes can change the grammatical category of a word, creating an entirely new word. Inflectional morphemes never alter the grammatical category of a word. 2017年4月17日星期一 河南大学外语学院 姜玲

Summary Lexical morpheme Free morpheme Functional morpheme morpheme Derivational morpheme Bound morpheme Inflectional morpheme 2017年4月17日星期一 河南大学外语学院 姜玲

3.3 Morphs and Allomorphs Morphs: the smallest meaningful phonetic segments of an utterance on the level of parole. They are the phonological (spoken) or orthographic (written) forms which realize morphemes. They are minimal carriers of meaning. Allomorph: a member of a set of morphs which represent the same morpheme. Allomorphs are phonological or orthographic variants of the same morpheme. 2017年4月17日星期一 河南大学外语学院 姜玲

Allomorph Allomorphs are in complementary distribution. {-s} (plurality) [-z]: meanings [-s]: maps [-iz]: watches [-ai-]: mice [-i:-]: feet [0]: deer {-ed} past tense [-t]: talked [-d]: stayed [-id]: created ( phonological) -d: changed -ed : worked (orthographic) 2017年4月17日星期一 河南大学外语学院 姜玲

3.4 Types of Word Formation Word formation or word building is the creation of new words, which is useful to us because it can enrich our vocabulary by learning some major ways. The most important ways are compounding and derivation. 2017年4月17日星期一 河南大学外语学院 姜玲

3.4.1 Compounding Definition: putting two words together. The first element receives the main stress, and the second one determines the new word’s class. typewriter, workshop, tractor-driver, blackboard 2017年4月17日星期一 河南大学外语学院 姜玲

Types of compound words a. noun compounds noun + noun: armchair, rainbow verb + noun: pickpocket, washcloth adjective + noun: bluebird, highchair b. verb compounds noun + verb: vacuum-clean, manhandle verb + verb: sleepwalk adjective + verb: dry-clean c. adjective compounds noun + adjective: color-blind, snow-white verb + adjective: stir-crazy adjective + adjective: dark-blue, pale-yellow 2017年4月17日星期一 河南大学外语学院 姜玲

3.4.2 Derivation Definition: adding affixes to other words or morphemes free morpheme + bound morpheme: unhappy; misunderstand; careful; careless Affixes can be described by function or meaning: childhood; childlike; childless; childish The derivational process may alter the grammatical or morphological form: anti-terrorist; computation; placement; colorful 2017年4月17日星期一 河南大学外语学院 姜玲

Computer words -ware: software, hardware, shareware, freeware cyber-/e-: cyberspace, cyberchat, e-commerce, e-cash techno-: technobabble, technostress, technophobia 2017年4月17日星期一 河南大学外语学院 姜玲

Conversion: zero derivation He’s papering the bedroom walls. n→v: elbow; milk; skin; hammer; nurse; e-mail v→n: doubt; attempt; must, guess, spy adj→v: dry; free; better; down, dirty, empty adj→n: native; short, crazy, nasty 2017年4月17日星期一 河南大学外语学院 姜玲

Backformation Definition: remove the suffix to get a new word edit; opt; enthuse; typewrite Télévision (French)→ televise 2017年4月17日星期一 河南大学外语学院 姜玲

Clipping Definition: abbreviation of longer words fridge; bike; ad; copter; bus; gym; telecom; flu, prof, phone, gas, plane, sitcom 2017年4月17日星期一 河南大学外语学院 姜玲

Blending Definition: combining two separate forms, taking only the beginning of one word and joining it to the end of another word brunch: breakfast + lunch motel: motor + hotel; smog: smoke + fog 2017年4月17日星期一 河南大学外语学院 姜玲

Acronym Definition: forming words from the first letters of a series of words, which are pronounced as single words. NATO: North Atlantic Treaty Organization UNESCO: United Nations Education, Social and Cultural Organization AIDS: acquired immune deficiency syndrome SARS: severe acute respiratory syndrome laser: light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation 2017年4月17日星期一 河南大学外语学院 姜玲

Initialism Definition: forming words from the first letters of a series of words, which are pronounced by saying each letter. CD: compact disk VIP: very important person WTO: World Trade Organization CPU: central processing unit ID: identification card 2017年4月17日星期一 河南大学外语学院 姜玲

Summary 3.1 Definition 3.2 Morpheme 3.2.1 Free morpheme (lexical vs functional) 3.2.2 Bound morpheme (derivational vs inflectional) 3.3 Morphs and Allomorphs 3.4 Types of Word Formation 3.4.1 Compounding 3.4.2 Derivation 3.4.3 Other ways (Conversion, Backformation, Clipping, Blending, Acronym, Initialism) 2017年4月17日星期一 河南大学外语学院 姜玲

Exercise 1. Define the following terms. morphology, morpheme, free morpheme, bound morpheme, morph, allomorph, derivation, clipping, acronym, initialism, blending, root, stem, prefix, suffix 2. Determine whether the words in each of the following groups are related to one another by processes of inflection or derivation. A. discover, discovery, discoverer, discoverable, discoverability B. inventor, inventor’s, inventors, inventors’ 2017年4月17日星期一 河南大学外语学院 姜玲

Thank you very much. Good bye! 2017年4月17日星期一 河南大学外语学院 姜玲