עבוד אותות במערכת החושים סמסטר א' תש"ע Lecture 12

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Presentation transcript:

עבוד אותות במערכת החושים סמסטר א' תש"ע Lecture 12

Auditory Binaural Pathway

Neural Auditory pathway Auditory Nerve Cochlear Nucleus Medial Superior Olive Lateral Superior Olive Lateral lemniscus Inferior Colliculus Medial geniculate nucleus Primary auditory cortex

Schematic Representation of the Brainstem Auditory Pathway

Brainstem MRI & fMRI Scans AxialCoronal Sagittal

Auditory Pathway and Brainstem Outline Overlapped on fMRI Scans

Binaural Stimulation Coronal cut (2/11) - MGBAxial cut (6/12) -SOC Axial cut (10/12) - LL Axial cut (2/12) - CN Coronal cut (6/11) - AC

Auditory Lateralization Cues Interaural Time delay – The sound reaches the closest ear before the other Interaural Level delay – The sound at the closest ear is louder

LATERALIZATION Perception Stimulus R L R R L L ILD ITD ITD=ILD=0

Histograms = number of times a subject reported perceiving a position when ITD or ILD presented Normal Performance

Center-OrientedSide --Oriented position ITD(msec) ILD(dB) Abnormal Performance

Lesion Detection

Correlation between MRI and Lateralization Normal Lateralization MS10 MS20 MS50 MS52 CVA23

Correlation between MRI and Lateralization Center-Oriented Lateralization

Correlation between MRI and Lateralization Side-Oriented Lateralization

Correlation between MRI and Lateralization

Monaural & Binaural Activation in a Right Sagittal Section Left Ear Stimulation Right & Left Ears Stimulation Right Ear Stimulation

Monaural & Binaural Activation in a Left Sagittal Section Left ear stimulation Both ears stimulation Right ear stimulation

Binaural masking מוסיפים רק רעש לאוזן השניה – ובאורח מוזר, ניתן שוב לזהות את הצליל על רקע הרעש. צליל מונוטוני והרעש מושמעים לאוזן אחת, קשה להבדיל את הצליל מהרעש. הרעש ממסך את הצליל. צליל מונוטוני ורעש מושמעים לשתי האוזניים. הרעש ממסך את הצליל. ניתן לגרום לכך ששוב נשמע את הצליל על ידי כך שניצור הפרש פאזה בין הצלילים בשתי האוזניים.

Cocktail party effect אם יש כמה מקורות קול מופרדים במרחב, קל להקשיב לקול אם הקול שאנו מעונינים בו נמצא במיקום שונה מקולות הרקע. זה נובע מכך שהצליל והממסך יוצרים קונפיגורציה אינטרנאורלית שונה מזו של הממסך בלבד.

Find the minimum ITD/ILD We will conduct an experiment to measure the minimum ILD/ITD. t Left, L Left t Right, L Right

Minimal Audible Angle - MAA מהו ההפרש הקטן ביותר בשינוי מיקום הקול המאפשר הבחנה בשינוי זה ? היכולת שלנו להבחין בהפרש במיקום מקור הקול היא טובה ביותר כשהקול מגיע מלפנים בחזית הראש. יכולת זו הולכת ופוחתת כשמקור הקול נמצא בצדי הראש או מאחור. שינויים קטנים בכיוון הקול מלפנים יוצרים הבדלים גדולים ב - ITD.

Superior Olive Complex

Coincidence Detection Cells Coincidence detection (CD) is one of the common ways to describe the functionality of a single neural cell. Correlation There are several type of such cells: –Excitatory Inhibitory (EI) –Excitatory Excitatory (EE) –Cumulative

Neural mechanisms – EE Type cells Spikes when inputs coincide. Spikes when inputs coincide.

EE Formulation

Neural mechanisms – EI Type cells Spikes with excitatory input unless inhibited. Spikes with excitatory input unless inhibited.

EI Formulation

Complex Cells

EI Cells Signal Separation Signal separation ability is considered as most important in tasks such as cocktail party, BMLD. Signal separation ability is considered as most important in tasks such as cocktail party, BMLD.

EE Cells spontaneous rate The spontaneous rate of cells that results from external noise reduced at higher levels The spontaneous rate of cells that results from external noise reduced at higher levels

ITD Mean Rate From Agmon-Snir et al.(1998), Nature 293, Model Predictions

ILD Mean Rate

JND(ITD) All Information: Rate & Timing Rate Only

Phase Delay in EE Cells Inputs

Prediction of JND(ITD) from EE Cell E EE E N=6 N=20 N=6 N=20 E EE E N Excitatory Inputs

Prediction of JND(ILD) from EI Cell Rate Coding and All Information Coding provided similar results E EI E 1 Excitatory Inputs M Inhibitory Inputs M=3 M=15