Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 11 ©2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Chapter 11 Cardiovascular Health

Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 11 ©2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) Disease of the heart and blood vessels CVD is the leading cause of death among Americans Some CVD risk factors are controllable; others are not There are many things individuals can do to reduce their risk of CVD

Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 11 ©2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Major CVD Risk Factors That Can Be Changed Tobacco use and exposure to ETS Causes about one in five deaths from CVD Damages artery linings Reduces HDL Raises LDL and triglycerides Causes platelets to stick together Raises heart rate and blood pressure

Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 11 ©2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Major CVD Risk Factors That Can Be Changed Tobacco use and exposure to ETS Displaces oxygen in the blood Increases the rate of the accumulation of fatty deposits in arteries

Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 11 ©2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Major CVD Risk Factors That Can Be Changed High blood pressure (hypertension) Sustained abnormally high blood pressure Systole = pressure when heart contracts Diastole = pressure when heart relaxes

Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 11 ©2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Major CVD Risk Factors That Can Be Changed High blood pressure strains the heart, damages the arteries, and increases risk of heart attack, stroke, kidney failure, and blindness Reduce with regular exercise, healthy diet (reduced salt, increased potassium and fiber), and moderation of alcohol intake

Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 11 ©2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Blood Pressure Classification Category Systolic (mm Hg) Diastolic (mm Hg) NormalBelow 120andBelow 80 Prehypertension or Hypertension Stage 1 Stage and above or and above

Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 11 ©2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Major CVD Risk Factors That Can Be Changed Unhealthy Cholesterol Levels Low - Density Lipoprotein (LDL) Unhealthy (“bad”) cholesterol Excess amounts are deposited in artery walls High - Density Lipoprotein (HDL) Healthy (“good”) cholesterol Shuttle unused cholesterol back to the liver for recycling

Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 11 ©2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Major CVD Risk Factors That Can Be Changed Unhealthy Cholesterol Levels Levels can be improved by quitting smoking, exercising, and improving diet (less saturated and trans fat, more fruits, vegetables, fiber, and whole grains)

Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 11 ©2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Cholesterol Guidelines Less than 100Optimal Near optimal / above optimal Borderline high High 190 or moreVery high LDL Cholesterol (mg / dl)

Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 11 ©2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Cholesterol Guidelines Total Cholesterol (mg / dl) Less than 200Desirable Borderline high 240 or moreHigh

Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 11 ©2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Cholesterol Guidelines HDL Cholesterol (mg / dl) Less than 40Low (undesirable) 60 or moreHigh (desirable)

Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 11 ©2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Major CVD Risk Factors That Can Be Changed Physical inactivity Exercise decreases blood pressure and resting heart rate, improves cholesterol, improves the condition of blood vessels, and helps prevent obesity and diabetes

Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 11 ©2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Major CVD Risk Factors That Can Be Changed Obesity Strains the heart, especially excess fat in the torso Diabetes Increases CVD risk even when controlled

Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 11 ©2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Major CVD Risk Factors That Can Be Changed High triglyceride levels Lower with exercise, healthy diet, quitting smoking, reducing alcohol intake

Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 11 ©2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Triglyceride Guidelines Triglycerides (mg / dl) Less than 150Normal Borderline high High 500 or moreVery high

Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 11 ©2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Contributing CVD Risk Factors That Can Be Changed Psychological and social factors Stress Chronic hostility and anger Suppressing psychological distress Depression and anxiety Social isolation Low socioeconomic status Alcohol and drug use

Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 11 ©2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Major CVD Risk Factors That Can’t Be Changed Family history / heredity Multiple genes contribute to CVD risk Aging CVD risk goes up with age Being male Men face a higher risk, especially earlier in life

Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 11 ©2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Major CVD Risk Factors That Can’t Be Changed Ethnicity African Americans have higher rates of hypertension and stroke

Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 11 ©2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Possible Risk Factors Under Study C - Reactive Protein Homocysteine Lipoprotein (a) Small, dense LDL particles Infectious agents

Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 11 ©2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Possible Risk Factors Under Study Metabolic Syndrome, also known as syndrome X or Insulin Resistance Syndrome Abdominal obesity (waist circumference) Greater than 40 inches in men Greater than 35 inches in women High blood pressure (130 / 85 or higher)

Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 11 ©2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Possible Risk Factors Under Study Metabolic Syndrome High triglycerides (150 mg / dl or higher) Low HDL cholesterol Below 40 mg / dl in men Below 50 mg / dl in women Insulin resistance (glucose of 110 mg / dl or higher)

Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 11 ©2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Women and CVD Women underestimate their CVD risk Nearly one in two women dies from CVD About one in 30 women dies from breast cancer Women are protected from CVD at younger ages by natural estrogen

Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 11 ©2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Women and CVD After menopause, women are more likely than men to die after a heart attack Women are more likely to have a heart attack without chest pain

Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 11 ©2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. African Americans and CVD Blacks have higher rates of hypertension and stroke Genetic, biological, and lifestyle factors may play a role Lifestyle changes can reduce risk, as can medical treatment

Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 11 ©2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Major Forms of Cardiovascular Disease Hypertension (a risk factor and a form of CVD) Atherosclerosis Heart disease and heart attacks Stroke Congestive heart failure

Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 11 ©2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Atherosclerosis Arteries are narrowed by deposits of fat, cholesterol, and other substances called plaques Once narrowed by a plaque, an artery is vulnerable to blockage by blood clots

Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 11 ©2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Atherosclerosis Blockage in the coronary arteries (Coronary Heart Disease) can lead to a heart attack Blockage in the brain can cause a stroke

Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 11 ©2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Heart Disease and Heart Attacks Heart Attack Damage to, or death of, heart muscle, sometimes resulting in a failure of the heart to deliver enough blood to the body Myocardial Infarction

Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 11 ©2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Heart Disease and Heart Attacks Angina Pectoris A condition in which the heart muscle does not receive enough blood, causing severe pain in the chest and often in the left arm and shoulder

Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 11 ©2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Heart Disease and Heart Attacks Arrhythmia An irregularity in the force or rhythm of the heartbeat Sudden cardiac death A nontraumatic, unexpected death from sudden cardiac arrest, most often due to arrhythmia (in association with underlying heart disease)

Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 11 ©2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Diagnosis and Treatment for Heart Disease Diagnosis Exercise stress test MRI, echocardiogram, angiogram

Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 11 ©2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Diagnosis and Treatment for Heart Disease Treatment Lifestyle changes (diet and exercise) Low - dose aspirin therapy Prescription medications Balloon angioplasty Coronary bypass surgery

Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 11 ©2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Stroke An impeded blood supply to some part of the brain resulting in the destruction of brain cells Ischemic stroke = caused by stroke Hemorrhagic stroke = caused by ruptured blood vessel

Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 11 ©2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Stroke Strokes may cause paralysis, walking disability, speech impairment, or memory loss Treatment may include clot - dissolving and antihypertensive drugs

Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 11 ©2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Congestive Heart Failure Condition resulting from the heart’s inability to pump out all the blood that returns to it Blood backs up in the veins leading to the heart, causing an accumulation of fluid in various parts of the body Caused by high blood pressure, heart attack, atherosclerosis, birth defects, rheumatic fever

Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 11 ©2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Protecting Yourself Against Cardiovascular Disease Eat heart - healthy Decrease fat and cholesterol intake Especially limit saturated and trans fats Increase fiber intake Alcohol intake – moderate, if at all DASH (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) Exercise regularly Avoid tobacco

Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 11 ©2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Protecting Yourself Against Cardiovascular Disease Know and manage your blood pressure Know and manage your cholesterol levels Develop ways to handle stress and anger Know your risk factors

Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 11 ©2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Reducing Your Risk of CVD Do more Eat a diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and low - fat or fat - free dairy products Eat several servings of high - fiber foods each day Eat two or more servings of fish each week Choose unsaturated fats rather than saturated and trans fats

Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 11 ©2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Reducing Your Risk of CVD Do more Be physically active and do aerobic exercise and strength training on a regular basis Achieve and maintain a healthy weight

Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 11 ©2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Reducing Your Risk of CVD Do less Don’t use tobacco in any form Avoid exposure to environmental tobacco smoke Limit consumption of cholesterol, added sugars and refined carbohydrates

Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 11 ©2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Reducing Your Risk of CVD Do less Avoid excessive alcohol consumption (no more than one drink per day for women and two drinks per day for men) Limit consumption of salt to no more than 2300 mg of sodium per day Avoid excess stress, anger, and hostility

Fahey/Insel/Roth, Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, Chapter 11 ©2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.