OS 352 2/7/08 I. Video: Clockwork and scientific management II. Job design options. III. Please read chapter 5 for Thurs., 2/14. IV. Have a nice break!

What is a job? Job: A set of related duties. Similar, but different concepts: position: the set of duties performed by a particular person. occupation: job or collection of jobs across a number of different organizations Example: Prof. Graham. Job: Associate Professor. Position: Prof. Graham holds one of many associate professor positions at Clarkson. Occupation: College professor.

Job Design The process of defining how work will be performed and what tasks will be required in a given job. Approaches: Scientific approach / Industrial Engineering Motivational

Scientific Management Goals: Job Design: Pay: Role of mgt.: Role of workers:

Taylor’s “Win-Win” Approach From scientific management, benefits will flow to … Nations Firms Management Workers

“Soldiering” (Taylor) Underworking … deliberately working slowly so as to avoid doing a full day’s work … 3 causes: 1) Hard work threatens job security 2) Natural (individual worker tendency) and systematic (other workers) influences 3) Inefficient methods of work

The Job Characteristics Theory of Work Motivation Core Job CharacteristicsCritical Psychological States Personal and Work Outcomes Skill Varieties Task Identity Task Significance Autonomy Feedback Experienced Meaning- fulness of the Work Experienced Respon- sibility for Work Outcomes Knowledge of Results from Work Activities High Internal Work Motivation High-Quality Work Performance High Satisfaction With the Work Low Turnover and Absenteeism Strength of Relationships is Determined by Intensity of Employee Growth Need Fig. 2-3© 1998 by Prentice Hall

Motivational Approaches (e.g., Job Characteristics Model) Goals: Job Design: Pay: Role of mgt.: Role of workers:

Enhancing the Motivational Potential of Jobs Job enlargement Job extension Job rotation Job enrichment Work teams Flexible work schedules Attention to ergonomics and the capacities of workers

Your turn: Enrich and Enlarge this Lifeguard’s Job (see job description) Enlarge: 1) 2) Enrich: 1) 2)

Ergonomics The study of the interface between individuals’ physiology and the characteristics of the physical work environment. Goal: minimize physical strain on the worker. Examples: Adjusting the height of a computer keyboard. Desk chair design. New ramps and forklifts to carry crates.

Reduced Load Professional or managerial jobs that are designed to be less than full-time. Examples: The HR Manager job in a small firm is held by someone who works 30 hours per week. The Audit Manager job in a public accounting firm is held by someone who works 40 hours per week during the busy season (Jan.-April) and 20 hours per week otherwise.