UPOV requirements for PVP New Distinct Uniform Stable 20 yrs minimum protection 72,000 varieties currently protected

UPOV’s exceptions to breeders’ rights Acts done privately and for non- commercial purposes (Farmers’ privilege) Experimental pursoses (breeders’ exemption)

Benefits of PVP (acc. to UPOV) Economic: varieties with improved yield leading to reductions in the price of end- products for consumers, or improved quality, leading to higher value products with increased marketability; Health: varieties with improved nutritional content; Environmental: varieties with improved disease resistance or stress tolerance; Pure pleasure: for example with ornamental plants.

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Dutfield’s critiques Non-adapted for many LDCs Focus on a few big crops Less seed saving Need to use fertilizers and pesticides Monoculture/ loss of plant genetic deiversity Concentration of ownership Conflict with CBD’s ABS principles