Test 6 Physical Science PHS South Anderson Road Rock Hill, SC Beiser Chapter Astronomy Beiser p.322

Chap 43 Earth & Sky Beiser p.322

Ptolemaic System Beiser p.322

Copernican System Beiser p.322

Retrograde Motion

3) When revolving around the sun, the square of the time over the cube of the distance is the same for all planets. Kepler’s Laws 1) Orbits are ellipses. 2) Planets sweep out equal areas in equal times. Beiser p.322 where C is the same number for all planets around the same body

Earth Movement Precession – a 26,000 year wobble Rotation – a 24 hour spin on our axis Revolution – a 365 day orbit trip around the sun Beiser p.322

Earth Grid Latitude Longitude Charlotte: 35 O N 81 O W NY, NY: 40 O N 74 O W LA, CA: 34 O N 118 O W Beiser p.322

Space Grid Beiser p.322

Chapter 44 Solar System Beiser p.331

Sun Diameter1,390,000 km(155 times Earth diameter) Mass1.999 x kg(335,000 times Earth mass) Surface Temp10,000 F Core Temp28 Million F

Mercury Mass (kg)3.3 x Diameter (km) Mean density (kg/m 3 )5420 distance from Sun57,909,175 km Rotation period (day)58.65 Earth days Orbital period (year)87.97 Earth days Tilt of axis0O0O Orbit inclination7O7O Orbit eccentricity0.206 Surface temp800 F to -280 F Mean surface temp354 F Atmospheretrace H & He

Venus Mass4.87 x kg Diameter12104 km Mean density5250 kg/m3 Distance from Sun0.723 AU (108,208,930 km) Rotation period Earth Days (retrograde) Revolution period224.7 Earth Days Tilt of axis178 O Orbit inclination3.39 O Mean surface temp847 F High point Maxwell Montes (17 km - twice Everest) Atmosphere96% CO 2, 3% N, 0.1% water vapor

Earth Mass5.98 x kg Diameter12756 km Mean density5520 kg/m 3 Escape velocity11200 m/s Distance from Sun1 AU (149,597,890 km) Rotation period1 Earth Day Revolution period Earth days Tilt of axis23.4 O Mean surface temp46 F Surface temp120 F to -40 F High pointMount Everest - 8 km Atmosphere 78% N, 21% O,1% Ar Moons 1

Distance From Earth:225,745 miles Length of a Day:27.3 days Radius:1,080 miles Diameter:2,160 miles Mass:7.35 x kg Surface Temp :-244° F to 273° F Gravity At Surface: g Travel time by car/rocket:135 days / 65 hrs # of Astronauts Walked:12 Rocks Collected By Apollo:842 pounds Widest Craters:140 miles (dia.) Deepest Craters:15,000+ (ft.) Highest Mountains:16,000+ (ft.) Moon

Mass6.42 x kg Diameter6787 km Mean density3940 kg/m 3 Distance from Sun1.524 AU (227,936,640 km) Rotation period1.026 Earth Days Revolution period Earth Days Tilt of axis25 O Orbit inclination1.85 O Surface temp-190 F to 100 F High point on surface Olympus Mons (24 km – three times Everest) Atmosphere95% CO 2, 3% N,1.6% Ar Moons2 Mars

Jupiter Mass1.90 x Kg Diameter142,800 Km Mean density1314 kg/m 3 Average distance from Sun AU (778,412,020 km) Rotation period10 Earth hours Revolution period11.86 Earth Years Tilt of axis3.08 Orbit inclination1.3 Mean surface temperature (K) 120 (cloud tops) Atmospheric components 90% H, 10% He,.07% methane Moons60 RingsFaint rock ring.

Saturn Mass5.69 x kg Diameter km Mean density690 kg/m 3 Distance from Sun9.537 AU (1,426,725,400 km) Rotation period10.2 Earth hours Revolution period29.46 Earth years Tilt of axis26.7 Orbit inclination2.49 Mean temp-301 F Atmosphere 97% H, 3% He,.05% methane Moons33 Rings270,000 km diameter, 300 m thick. Particles are 1 cm – 50 m in size and are ice, traces of silicate & carbon minerals.

Uranus Mass8.68 x kg Diameter51118 km Mean density1290 kg/m 3 Distance from Sun19.19 AU (2,870,972,200 km) Rotation period0.72 Earth days Revolution period84 Earth years Tilt of axis97.9 O Orbit inclination0.77 O Mean temperature-354 F Atmosphere83% H, 15% He, 2% methane Moons 20 Ringsnarrow, faint rings. particles are dark, rocky or carbon material.

Neptune Mass1.02 x kg Diameter49528 km Mean density1640 kg/m 3 Distance from Sun AU (4,498,252,900 km) Rotation period19.1 hours Revolution period164.8 Earth years Tilt of axis29.6 O Orbit inclination1.77 O Mean temp-375 F Atmosphere74% H, 25% He, 1% methane Moons8 Ringsnarrow

Pluto Mass1.29 x kg Diameter2300 km (less than our Moon) Mean density2030 kg/m 3 Distance from Sun39.48 AU (5,906,376,200 km) Rotation period6.39 Earth Days (retrograde) Revolution period Earth Days Tilt of axis122.5 O Orbit inclination17.15 O (others 0 O to 3 O ) Eccentricity.25 (others.01 to.09) Mean temperature-400 F Atmospheremethane and N Surface materialsRock, perhaps methane ice (rock planets close to sun, then gas) Moons1

What Counts?

Planet Tilt

Asteroids Beiser p.331

Comets Beiser p.332

Meteors Beiser p.333

Chapter 45 The Sun Beiser p.338

Layers of Sun Beiser p.338

Sunspots Beiser p.338

Chapter 46 The Stars Beiser p.343

Brightness of Stars Luminosity – amount of light put out by star Apparent Magnitude – brightness from Earth Absolute Magnitude – brightness from 10 parsecs (~ 32.6 light years or 3.1 x km) Beiser p.343

Hertzsprung-Russell Beiser p.343

Life of a Star Beiser p.345

Chapter 47 The Universe Beiser p.350

Our Galaxy The Milky Way Galaxy ~400 billion stars 100,000 light years across We are 30,000 light years from center 200 million years to orbit the center Beiser p.350

Milky Way Beiser p.350

Night Sky

Other Galaxies Beiser p.350

It’s a Big Place Beiser p.350 The Universe ~ 400 billion stars in a galaxy ~ 80 billion galaxies ~ 3 x Stars

Constellations Cygnus Beiser p.350 Leo Cassiopeia Little Dipper Big Dipper Hercules

Sky Map Beiser p.350

Zodiac Beiser p.322Beiser p.350