Drugs to Treat Respiratory Disorders. Bronchoconstriction Result from release ACH, histamine and inflammatory mediators Vagus nerve releases ACH ACH triggers.

Slides:



Advertisements
Similar presentations
Asthma.
Advertisements

Bronchodilators and Other Respiratory Agents
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1 CHAPTER 32 Bronchodilator Drugs and the Treatment of Asthma.
Mosby items and derived items © 2005, 2002 by Mosby, Inc. CHAPTER 36 Bronchodilators and Other Respiratory Agents.
Copyright © 2015 Cengage Learning® Chapter 26 Respiratory System Drugs and Antihistamines.
Drugs Affecting the Respiratory System
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and Practices.
Management of COPD & Asthma Melissa Brittle & Jessica Macaro.
Disorders of the respiratory system. Respiratory structures such as the airways, alveoli and pleural membranes may all be affected by various disease.
Drugs For Treating Asthma
Chapter 14 Antihistamines and Nasal Decongestants.
Mosby items and derived items © 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Chapter 18 Autocoids and Antihistamines.
ANTIHISTAMINES MODIFIED BY Israa.
Chapter 5 Autonomic Drugs.
Mosby items and derived items © 2008, 2002 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Chapter 7 Anticholinergic (Parasympatholytic) Bronchodilators.
Introduction to Lab Ex. 24: Hypersensitivity. Response to antigens (allergens) leading to damage Require sensitizing dose(s) Introduction to Lab Ex. 24:
DRUGS USED IN ASTHMA. Asthma is an inflammatory disease of the airways characterized by episodes of acute bronchoconstriction causing shortness of breath,
Case No. 12 SH, 25 years old with a history of asthma since childhood presented to the OPD clinic with complaints of worsening dyspnea and wheezing. He.
The pharmacology of type I hypersensitivity Immune system Module.
Bronchodilating Drugs Pat Woodbery, ARNP, CS Professor of Nursing.
1 DRUGS AFFECTING RESPIRATORY SYSTEM. 2 ASTHMA chronic inflammatory airway disease excessive tracheobronchial reactivity SYMPTOMS wheezing, chest tightness,
PharmacologyPharmacology Drugs used to treat: Asthma Rhinitis & Cough Drugs used to treat: Asthma Rhinitis & Cough.
Treatment of common cold
Drugs used in asthma By S.Bohlooli, PhD. Asthma therapy Short term relievers Bronchodilators Long term controllers Anti-inflammatory agent Leukorienes.
Drugs Used to Treat Lower Respiratory Disease
Bronchodilators Lilley Pharmacology Text: Chapter 35
PTP 546 Module 7 Respiratory Pharmacology
Chapter 33 Agents Affecting the Autonomic Nervous System.
Antihistamines, Decongestants, Antitussives, and Expectorants Lilley Pharmacology Text: Chapter 34 Original Text modified by: Anita A. Kovalsky, R.N.,
Chapter 9 Respiratory System Drugs Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning.
RESPIRATORY DRUGS CHAPTER 6. ANTITUSSIVES -The cough reflex occurs when receptors in the airway send impulses to the brainstem and cause contraction of.
Pharmacology II – Respiratory and Oxygenation Kathy Plitnick RN PhD CCRN Georgia Baptist College of Nursing of Mercer University.
Bronchodilators and Other Respiratory Agents. Asthma -Predominantly in boys 2:1 -puberty: occurrence equals out -More females in adult-onset cases -Affects.
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM LECTURE 6 PHARMACOLOGY. Autonomic Pharmacology Autonomic Nervous System – This system is divided into two separate systems. –
Drugs Affecting Respiratory System. Antihistamines Drugs that directly compete with histamine for specific receptor sites Two histamine receptors –H 1.
Plants Used for Respiratory Problems - I. Respiratory Problems Various conditions can interfere with the gas exchange in the lungs Infectious disease.
Disorders Of Respiratory System General Pharmacology M212
Antihistamines and Nasal Decongestants
Bronchodilators and Other Respiratory Agents
Clinical pharmacology of drugs acting on the respiratory organs function.
Drugs Used to Treat Asthma Dr. Najlaa Saadi Ismael Department of Pharmacology Mosul college of Medicine University of Mosul.
Allergic Rhinitis- inflammation of the nasal airways from an allergen (dust, pollen, animal dander). Symptoms runny noseitching eye rednessswelling Treatment-
MD. HAMZA ALBEE ASHANIA AKHTER TASNOVA NOWRIN KANZIL MAULA MOU RUBAIYAT ISLAM MONA AFRIN A RAHMAN AIRIN NAHER SHAGUFTA JASMIN SUBI.
Elsevier Inc. items and derived items © 2010 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Antihistamines.
Bronchodilators and Other Respiratory Agents. Drugs Affecting the Respiratory System  Bronchodilators  Xanthine derivatives  Beta-agonists  Anticholinergics.
Department of Pharmacology
ANTIHISTAMINES Histamine To understand antihistamines you have to slightly understand what it is blocking Histamine – There are 4 different histamine.
Bronchodilators and Other Respiratory Agents
Drugs for Allergic Rhinitis, Cough, and Colds
Autacoids.
Drugs in obstructive lung diseases
Chapter 9 Respiratory Drugs.
Drugs affecting the respiratory system
Drugs Used to Treat Lower Respiratory Disease
Disorders of the respiratory system
UNIT 8: DRUGS USED IN THE TREATMENT OF RESPIRATORY DISORDERS
RESPIRATORY PHARMACOLOGY
Autacoids.
DRUGS AFFECTING THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Antihistamines and Nasal Decongestants
Chapter 70 Antihistamines 1.
Chapter 5 Autonomic Drugs.
Characteristics of Adrenergic Drugs (p. 291)
PHARMACY TECHNICIAN CHAPTER TWENTY FIVE.
Drugs Affecting the Respiratory System
Drugs used in asthma.
Drugs for Respiratory System Disorders
Autacoids and Antihistamines
Pharmacology II – Respiratory and Oxygenation
Presentation transcript:

Drugs to Treat Respiratory Disorders

Bronchoconstriction Result from release ACH, histamine and inflammatory mediators Vagus nerve releases ACH ACH triggers release of pulmonary secretions Treated with sympathomimetics

Chronic Inflammation Prolonged exposure to airway irritants Inflammation causes same factors contributing to bronchoconstriction –(e.g. histamine, cytokines) Treated with corticosteroids –Side effects and expensive

Loss of Lung Elasticity Lung tissue typically elastic Conditions such as smoking cause loss of the tissue contributing to elasticity Can collapse, lose compliance or become chronically inflamed

Reactive Airway Disease (Asthma)

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

Asthma Drugs

Common Diseases Affecting the Respiratory Tract Chronic bronchitis – condition caused by chronic respiratory irritation, inflammation, and characterized by increased secretions and infection Emphysema – disease characterized by destruction of alveoli, labored respiratory gas exchange, and shortness of breath Asthma – inflammatory disease of the respiratory passageways characterized by bronchoconstriction and shortness of breath

Inflammatory Mediators of the Respiratory Tract Histamine Eosinophilic chemotactic factor of anaphylaxis (ECF-A) Prostaglandins and leukotrienes Slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis (SRS- A)

Autonomic Control of the Respiratory Tract Bronchiolar smooth muscle is relaxed by beta- 2 adrenergic receptor stimulation Bronchiolar smooth muscle is contracted by cholinergic receptor stimulation Respiratory secretions are increased by cholinergic stimulation Drugs that increase intracellular levels of cyclic AMP produce bronchodilation

Bronchodilator Drugs Sympathomimetics – drugs that stimulate beta- 2 adrenergic receptors Xanthine derivatives – theophylline Parasympatholytics – drugs that block cholinergic receptors (anticholinergic drugs)

Beta Adrenergic Drugs Epinephrine and isoproterenol are nonselective beta-1 and beta-2 agonists Albuterol, terbutaline, and salmeterol are selective beta-2 agonists that do not cause excessive cardiac stimulation Selective beta-2 drugs are preferred for the control of asthma Epinephrine SC is the drug of choice to treat an acute attack of asthma

Theophylline Increases cyclic AMP levels to cause bronchodilation and inhibition of chemical mediator release from mast cells Theophylline is usually administered orally In COPD theophylline decreases secretions and stimulates respiration Overdosage produces cardiac and CNS stimulation, and may cause seizures

Anticholinergic Drugs Ipratropium bromide is the only drug currently available By blocking cholinergic receptors ipratropium produces bronchodilation and decreased respiratory secretions The drug is administered by oral inhalation

Corticosteroids Adrenal gland hormone derivatives used in inflammatory and allergic conditions Administered orally or parenterally in acute asthmatic and inflammatory diseases Administered by oral inhalation for the chronic control of asthma and related inflammatory conditions Inhalation limits systemic toxicity

Leukotriene Inhibitors Antiinflammatory drugs that interfere with the inflammatory actions of the leukotrienes Zafirukast and montelukast block leukotriene receptors Zileutron blocks the enzyme required for the formation of leukotrienes Drugs are indicated for the chronic treatment and control of asthma

Antiallergic Drugs Cromolyn and nedocromil inhibit the antigen- antibody reaction on mast cells that triggers allergic reactions Administration is by oral inhalation Drugs are used on a daily basis and are intended to prevent or decrease allergic reactions Several weeks are usually required for the full therapeutic effect

Mucolytics Mucolytics are intended to break apart and liquefy thick respiratory secretions to facilitate easier removal Acetylcysteine is the most widely used mucolytic and is inhaled by nebulization Administration is usually followed by postural drainage and tracheal suction

Antihistamines

Clinical Indication of Antihistaminic Drugs Prevent or interrupt the symptoms of seasonal allergy, rhinitis, cold or flu Acute allergic reactions-urticaria, hay fever, insect bites, rhinitis and dermatitis Adjunct medication pre-, post-anesthesia To induce sedation, minimize irritability Active ingredient in cough/cold preparations To induce sedation, dry secretions

Prevent the symptoms of –severe bronchial asthma –exercise-induced bronchospasm –allergic rhinitis –mastocytosis Clinical Indication of Antiallergic Drugs

Types of Drugs in this Class Antihistamines chlorpheniramine (Chlor-Trimeton), diphenhydramine (Benadryl), fexofenadine (Allegra), loratidine (Claritin), desloratidine (Clarinex) Antiallergics cromolyn sodium (Intal)

Action of Histamine Histamine interacts with two types of histamin receptors H 1 receptors: Produce blood pressure decrease hypotension blood vessels dilate headache capillaries skin dilate, leak redness, itching, edema bronchioles constriction breathing difficulty intestines contraction constipation urinary sphincter constriction urine retention H 2 heart increase heart rate tachycardia conduction impaired dysrhythmia stomach acid secretion heart burn

Histamine Histamine is naturally found in the body within mast cells or basophils. Mast cells are found predominately in the lungs, gastrointestinal tract, circulatory system Environmental, bacterial or viral proteins (allergens) attach to mast cells membranes and cause histamine release The greater the allergen challenge, the greater the histamine release

Mechanism of Action Antihistamines block the physiological effects of histamine by selectively acting on receptors to prevent histamine from stimulating the receptor and inducing the common effects observed during an allergic reaction: Redness, edema, itching Allergy headache Breathing difficulty

The pharmacological effects of antihistamines are the result of blocking the physiological effects of histamine (histamine antagonists) and occupying acetylcholine receptors to inhibit the action of acetylcholine (anticholinergic) Pharmacological Effects

Antihistamine Adverse Effects Drowsiness Mental confusion Sedation Dry mouth Anorexia Epigastric distress Hypotension Tachycardia Urinary retention Dysrhythmias

Antiallergic Drugs Antiallergic drugs inhibit the physiolgical effects of histamine by attaching to mast cell membranes and inhibiting the release of histamine Antiallergic drugs have no effect on the histamine receptors and have the best results before large amounts of histamine have been released (prophylactic)

Cautions and Contraindications Because of their anticholinergic activity, antihistamines should be used with caution in patients with: Cardiovascular disease Hypertension Increased intraocular pressure Urinary retention Stenosing peptic ulcer A history of sensitivity to this class CNS depression Used with caution in elderly patients Not used by nursing mothers, dehydrated children

Drug Interactions Increase drowsiness of antihistamines CNS depressants- sedatives, tranquilizers, alcohol Elevate plasma levels of antihistamines Macrolide antibiotics- erythromycin, clarithromycin, troleandomycin Antifungal drugs