Built Infrastructure: Overview and Issues H. Scott Matthews February 10, 2003

Recap of Last Lecture  Life Cycle Costing (LCC) is a framework to internalize costs of a structure over its useful life (design -> disposal)  Including user costs  Similar, not equal to, benefit-cost analysis  Reliability-based assessment focuses on preventing failure rather than lower forms of maintenance  Involves more complex (and realistic) models to assess deterioration and expected performance

Infrastructure Issues  For the 3 infrastructures we will discuss:  History  Network Layout  Supply and Demand issues  Investments  Rights of Way  Design and Approval Process**  User Cost / Pricing  Let’s start with built infrastructure  Data and figures from 1999/2002 C&P Reports:  

US Highway System  Roads have been around since before we had cars, but cars led to ‘paving’  1938: 6 road toll network to be infeasible (3 North-South, 3 East-West across US)  1954: Eisenhower - suggested 60/40 match  1956: Federal-Aid Highway Act 90/10 spends $25 B in 12 yrs  Gave uniform design standards, must accommodate traffic in 20 years  Could include toll roads  Height and weight limits  1966: All roads 4-lane, no at-grade crossings

System (cont.)  National Highway System (1995) - defined as interstates, most arterials (4% of miles, 45% use)  Now generally links all major metropolitan areas in the USA  Statistics  4 million miles of roads  4 trillion passenger miles of vehicle travel  4 trillion ton-miles of freight movement

Highway ‘Jurisdiction’  Ownership, not responsibility  May be ‘owned’ locally but gets fed $  75% controlled by local govts  20% controlled by states  5% controlled by federal (US) govt

Types of Highways  Arterial - fastest, most throughput 11% of miles, 72% of vehicle-miles  Collectors - ‘collect and distribute’ traffic from arterials to locals 20% miles, 15% vehicle- miles-traveled  Local - basic access to/from buildings 69% miles, 13% VMT  3 trillion VMT, 4 trillion pass-miles-trav (PMT)  i.e. 1.3 passengers per vehicle average overall  Only 40 billion PMT from mass transit

Pure Costs  Original idea: fund construction / maintenance with gas tax (not tolls)  1940: 1.5 cents/gallon, now 18.4 cents  PLUS state gas taxes range cents  TEA-21 (fed): 84% on roads, 15% mass transit  During previous (ISTEA), 23% -> deficit reduction  TEA-21: $162 B from on roads, $36B on mass transit  Other monies come from state gas taxes, user fees and tolls, etc.

Congestion Values and Costs  From Texas Transportation Institute