The Western Intrusion,

I.Introduction  The Rise of the West  Reform and Revival

II.Western Dominance A.Russian Encroachments and the "Eastern Question" 1.Treaty of Kuckuk-Kainarji (1774) 2.Ottoman Territorial Loss Russo-Ottoman War of Greek War of Independence ( ) Rumanian Uprising (1848)

II.Western Dominance B.British and French Support 1.French Economic Interests 2.The "Great Game“ 3.The Crimean War ( ) Treaty of San Stefano/Treaty of Berlin (1878)

II.Western Dominance C.French Encroachments 1.Napoleon in Egypt ( ) 2.Algeria (1830) and Tunisia (1881) 3.Syria

II.Western Dominance D.British Encroachments 1.Aden (1839) 2.Egypt (1882) 3.Sudan (1889) 4.Kuwait (1899)

III.Reform Efforts A. Egypt 1.Mehmet Ali (r ) Economic and Social Reforms Military Reforms Failure

III.Reform Efforts 2. Khedive Isma’il (r ) Modernizing Egypt The Suez Canal (1869)

III.Reform Efforts 3. British Control Financial Crisis Dual Financial Control Lord Cromer ( )

III.Reform Efforts B.Istanbul 1.Mahmud II (r ) Modernization of the Military The “Auspicious Event” Sartorial Laws

III.Reform Efforts 2. The Tanzimat Era ( ) The New Ottomans 3.Abdulahmid II (r ) Pan-Islamism and the Revived Caliphate 4.The Young Turks ( ) Enver, Talat, and Jemal

IV.Revival A.Wahabism 1.Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab ( )

The Suez Canal

V.Conclusion The Horns of a Dilemma