Relativistic Heavy Ions Experiment I

The QCD Phasediagram

Overview Lecture 1) Experiments in (ultra-)relativistic heavy ion physics Lecture 2) Global observables Lecture 3) Strangeness + heavy flavour Lecture 4) Photons and neutral mesons

Literature C. Y. Wong, “Introduction to High-Energy Heavy-Ion Collisions”, World Scientific J. Rafelski and J. Letessier, “Hadrons and Quark-Gluon Plasma”, Cambridge University Press K. Yagi, T. Hatsuda and Y. Miake, “Quark Gluon Plasma”, Cambrigde University Press E. Shuryak, “The QCD Vacuum, Hadrons and Superdense Matter”, World Scientific R. C. Hwa, X. N. Wang, “Quark Gluon Plasma 3”, World Scientific Publishing

Experiments in (ultra-)relativistic heavy ion physics Lecture 1)

Accelerators in Relativistic Heavy Ion Physics AcceleratorPlaceHI-PeriodsMax. EnergyProjectilesExperiments BevalacLBNL, Berkeley < 2 AGeV C, Ca, Nb, Ni, Au,... Plastic Ball, Streamer Chamber, EOS, DLS Synchro-PhasotronJINR, Dubna > 100 AMeV AGSBNL, Brookhaven /11.5 AGeVSi, AuE802,..., E917 SPSCERN, Geneva /158 AGeVO, S, In, PbNA34,..., WA80,... SISGSI, Darmstadt today2 AGeVKr, AuFOPI, KAOS, HADES RHICBNL, Brookhaven2000 – today  s NN = 200 GeVCu,Au STAR, PHENIX, BRAHMS, PHOBOS LHCCERN, Geneva2007(8)  s NN = 5.5 TeVO, Ar, PbALICE, CMS, ATLAS SIS300GSI, Darmstadt2014?  30/45 AGeVNi, AuCBM NuklotronJINR, Dubna?~5 AGeV

Fixed Target Experiments at Relativistic Energies Beam energies: 100A MeV  2A GeV Pioneering experiments  BEVALAC: Plastic Ball and Streamer Chamber ( )  Syncho-Phasotron – Dubna (1975 – 1985) 2 nd generation experiments  SIS-GSI: FOPI, KAOS, HADES (1990 – today)  BEVALAC: EOS-TPC, DLS (1990 – 1992) Physics:  Collective effects  Discovery and investigation of flow effects  Equation of state (EOS)  Study of compressibility of dense nuclear matter  In-medium modifications  Kaons, low mass di-leptons Basic result:  Nuclear matter can be compressed and high energy densities can be achieved

BEVALAC

Heavy Ion Experiments at the BEVALAC ExperimentTechnologyObservables Plastic BallPhoswich scinitllator array Spectra ( , p, d, t, 3 He) Collective phenomena Correlations Streamer Chamber Streamer chamber in magnetic fieldCharged particles EOSTPC in magnetic field Spectra ( , p, fragments) Collective phenomena Correlations DLS2 arm e + e - spectrometerDi-lepton spectrum

BEVALAC – Experiments: Plastic Ball

BEVALAC Experiments: Streamer Chamber

SIS, GSI ExperimentTechnologyObservables FOPIDrift chamber (+ TOF)  , p, fragments KAOSMagnetic spectrometer + TOF  , K  HADESMagnetic spectrometer + RICH and TOFDi-Leptons

Fixed Target Experiments at Ultra-Relativistic Energies Beam energies: 2A GeV – 200A GeV Objective: Search for a Quark-Gluon Plasma (QGP) state 1 st generation: “not-so-heavy” ion  SPS-CERN, projectiles: 16 O and 32 S, E lab max = 200A GeV (1986 – 1993)  AGS-BNL, projectiles: 28 Si, E lab max = 14.5A GeV (1986 – 1991) 2 nd generation: heavy ions  SPS-CERN, projectiles: 208 Pb, E lab max = 158A GeV (1994 – 2002)  AGS-BNL, projectiles: 197 Au, E lab max = 11.5A GeV (1992 – 1994) Physics:  Signatures of a QGP (e.g. strangeness enhancement, J/  suppression, etc.)  Systematic studies (energy dependence)  look for onset phenomena Basic result:  Observations consisten with QGP hypothesis, but no unambigous evidence

BNL Accelerator Complex

Heavy Ion Experiments at the AGS ExperimentBeamTechnologyObservables E802 Si Single arm magnetic spectrometerSpectra ( , p, K  ), HBT E810TPCs in magnetic fieldStrangeness (K 0 s,  ) E814Magnetic spectrometer + calorimetersSpectra (p) + E t E859E nd level PID triggerStrangeness (  ) E866 Au 2 magnetic spectrometers (TPC, TOF)Strangeness (Kaons) E877Upgrade of E814 E891Upgrade of E810 E895EOS TPCSpectra ( , p, K  ), HBT E896Drift chamber + neutron detectorH 0 Di-baryon,  E910EOS TPC + TOFp+A Collisions E917 Upgrade of E866

E895 AGS (EOS-TPC)

E866 AGS

CERN Accelerator Complex

North Area SPS LHC West Area PS

Heavy Ion Physics at the SPS /200A GeV 158A GeV 80A GeV 40A GeV 30A GeV 20A GeV 158A GeV Heavy-Ion Beams: 114 In 208 Pb 12 O/ 32 S Experiments: NA38 NA36 NA35 NA34 WA85 WA80 / WA93 WA94 WA97 WA98 NA44 NA45/CERES NA49 NA50 NA57 NA60 NA52

Heavy Ion Experiments at the SPS ExperimentBeamTechnologyObservables NA34 16 O, 32 S Muon spectrometer + calorimeterDi-leptons, p, , K,  NA35Streamer chamber  -, K 0 s, , HBT NA36TPCK 0 s,  NA38Di-muon spectrometer (NA10)Di-leptons, J/  WA80/WA93Calorimeter + Plastic Ball ,  0,  WA85Mag. spectrometer with MWPCsK 0 s, ,  WA94WA85 + Si strip detectorsK 0 s, ,  NA44 16 O, 32 S, 208 Pb Single arm magnetic spectrometer , K , p NA45Cherenkov + TPCDi-leptons (low mass) NA Pb Large volume TPCs , K , p, K 0 s, , , ,... NA50NA38 upgradeDi-leptons, J/  NA52Beamline spectrometerStrangelets WA97Mag. spectrometer with Si trackerh -, K 0 s, , ,  WA98Pb-glass calorimeter + mag. spectrom. ,  0,  NA57WA97 upgradeh -, K 0 s, , ,  NA InNA50 + Si vertex trackerDi-leptons, J/ 

SPS: S+Au, 200A GeV

13m SPS: Pb+Pb, 158A GeV

SPS

SPS

Collider Experiments at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider Center-of-mass energy:  s NN = 200 GeV Objective: Search for a Quark-Gluon Plasma (QGP) state Projectiles: 197 Au, Cu (2000 – today) Physics:  Signatures of a QGP  New observables accessible: high-p t suppression, strong flow phenomena Basic result:  Stronger evidence for the existence of a QGP phase  Strongly coupled QGP (sQGP)

Heavy Ion Experiments at RHIC ExperimentTechnologyObservables STAR TPC and Si vertex tracker (+ EMCAL, TOF) , K , p, K 0 s, , , ,... PHENIX Drift chambers, calorimeter, RICH, TOF, muon spectrometer ,  0, , J/ , K , p,... BRAHMS2 arm magnetic spectrometer , K , p (large acceptance) PHOBOSMagnetic spectrometer with Si tracker charged particles (large acceptance)

RHIC: Au+Au,  s NN = 200GeV

PHENIX Detector

RHIC: Au+Au,  s NN = 200GeV

BRAHMS and RHIC BRAHMS: PHOBOS:

Future Experiments LHC (2007  )  Center-of-mass energy:  s NN = 5.5 TeV (collider)  Projectiles: 208 Pb, lighter ions, protons  Physics: Detailed study of deconfined matter  Jets, heavy flavour, photons  Experiments: ALICE, CMS, ATLAS FAIR (2014  )  Beam energies: E lab max = 30 – 45A GeV (fixed target)  High beam intensities  rare probes (D-meson, J/  )  Physics: Baryonic matter with high densities, critical point  Experiment: CBM Other activities  RHIC at lower energies (~10 GeV   s NN  200 GeV): STAR, PHENIX experiments  Continuation of SPS fixed target program: NA49 upgrade, NA60

The Large Hadron Collider (LHC)

Geneva Mont Blanc CERN

Heavy Ion Experiments at LHC ExperimentTechnologyObservables ALICE TPC and Si vertex tracker, TRD, EMCAL, TOF, and muon spectrometer , K , p, K 0 s, , , , ,  0, J/ ,  CMS Si tracker, muon spectrometer, calorimeter Charged particles, J/ ,  ATLAS Straw tube tracker, muon spectrometers, calorimeter Charged particles, J/ , 

LHC L3-Magnet Magnetic field: max. 0.5T Weight: ~7000 tons Height: 10 m L3-Magnet Magnetic field: max. 0.5T Weight: ~7000 tons Height: 10 m

LHC

Heavy FAIR

FAIR