Melody Audet Wil Fakaosita Eresalem Ocbazgi

The use or alteration of cells or biological molecules for specific applications   Specifically the manipulation of genetic material. 

Organisms that harbor DNA from other species A series of alleles that differs from that of either parent and their DNA is called… Tomato grown in salt water… Bacteria producing insulin…

Because most genetic mixing done in laboratories would not happen in nature, many people are against the idea

To obtain a patent, transgenic organisms must be new, useful, and not obvious… (U.S Patent Act) With all the new technology patenting DNA is becoming a problem… Problems with status also occur. Is the patent for the BRCA1 cancer gene including diagnostics valid for a mutation of the gene in France? If so, the patients could end up paying the owner of the patent along with normal hospital bills. Also Patents for: Parts of Human Genome Gene Variants

Mass producing a DNA sequence The most commonly used process is Kary Mullis’ polymerase chain reaction ( PCR ) ces/pcr.html

Small circle of double stranded bacteria DNA which allows for the transfer of DNA from one the cell of one species to another

Bioremediation can be defined as any process that uses microorganisms, fungi, green plants or their enzymes to return the environment altered by contaminants to its original condition. Bioremediation may be employed to attack specific soil contaminants, such as degradation of chlorinated hydrocarbons by bacteria. An example of a more general approach is the cleanup of oil spills by the addition of nitrate and/or sulfate fertilizers to facilitate the decomposition of crude oil by indigenous or exogenous bacteria. (reference Bioremediation-Wikipedia)

Gene Targeting In gene targeting, homologous recombination is used to inactivate a gene in ES cells. An ES cell line is an embryonic stem cell line isolated from a preimplantation mouse embryo. When ES cells are injected into a host embryo, they contribute to the formation of an adult mouse. The extremely rare recombination events of gene targeting can be selected from large numbers of ES cells through the use of genes conferring drug resistance and sensitivity. (ref …..targeting. html)

Monitoring Gene Function There are three major uses of DNA microarrays. cDNA are applied in gene expression profiling. DNA variation screening detects mutations and SNPs. Microarray comparative genomic hybridization tracks deletions and amplifcations.

Gene Expression Microarrays Track the Aftermath of Spinal Cord Injury Gene expression profiling reveals how fast healing begins. A microarry is a piece of glass or plastic that is about 1.5 cm sq-smaller than a postage stamp. Comparisons with a normal control.

1.Lewis, Ricki (2007). Human Genetics: Concepts and Application. New York, NY: McGraw – Hill. 2.Pepstrik, Amanda (2006). Recombinant DNA. Retrieved March 6, 2007 from mbinantDNA.html 3.DLC (2007). Polymerase Chain Reaction. Retrieved March 4, 2007 from 4.Handerson, John (2006). DNA Microarray. Retrieved March 7, 2007 from