1Chapter 22, 23, 24 Biodiversity

Key Concepts Ch. 22  Human effects on biodiversity  Importance of biodiversity  How human activities affect wildlife  Management of wildlife

Human Impacts on Biodiversity Fig p. 561

Increasing Biodiversity  Physically diverse habitat  Moderate environmental disturbance  Small variations in conditions  Middle stages of ecological succession

Decreasing Biodiversity  Environmental stress  Large environmental disturbance  Extreme environmental conditions  Severe limiting factors  Introduction of alien species  Geographic isolation

US Diversity Fig p. 562

Strategies for Protecting Biodiversity  Species approach  Ecosystem approach Fig p. 563

Species Extinction  Local extinction  Ecological extinction  Biological extinction

Endangered and Threatened Species  Endangered species  Threatened (vulnerable) species  Rare species Fig p. 564 Florida manatee Northern spotted owl (threatened) Gray wolfFlorida panther Bannerman's turaco (Africa) © 2004 Brooks/Cole-Thomson Learning

Extinction Risks  Factors: population size, habitat, and genetics  Population viability analysis  Minimum viable population  Minimum dynamic area  Characteristics of extinction-prone species (refer to Fig p. 566)

Extinction Rates  Background (natural) rate of extinction  Mass extinction  Adaptive radiations

Why Should We Care About Biodiversity?  Instrumental value  Intrinsic value See Spotlight p. 571 Fig p. 569

Causes of Depletion of Wild Species  Human population growth  Failure to value the environment or ecological services  Increasing per capita resource use  Increasing use of Earth’s primary productivity  Poverty

Causes of Premature Extinction of Wild Species  Habitat degradation  Introduction of non-native species Fig p. 572

Threats from Nonnative Species Arrival Roles of non- native species Examples (p. 576) See Connections p. 577 and Case Study p. 579 Fig p. 579

Other Extinction Threats Hunting and Poaching Predators and Pest Control Exotic Pets and Decorative Plants Climate Change and Pollution

Protecting Wild Species: The Research and Legal Approaches  Bioinformatics  International Treaties: CITES  National Laws:Lacey Act Endangered Species Act  Habitat conservation plans

Protecting Wild Species: The Sanctuary Approach  Wildlife refuges and protected areas  Zoos and Aquariums  Gene banks, botanical gardens, and farms

Wildlife Management  Laws regulating hunting and fishing  Harvest quotas  Population management plants  Improving habitat  Treaties and laws for migrating species

Key Concepts Ch. 23  Human land use  Types and uses of US public lands  Forests and forest management  Implications of deforestation  Management of parks  Establishment and management of nature preserves  Importance of ecological restoration

Land Use in the World Fig p. 595

Land Use in the United States Fig p. 595 Rangeland and pasture 29%

Types of US Public Lands  Multiple-use lands: National Forests; National Resource Lands  Moderately-restricted use lands: National Wildlife Refuges  Restricted-use lands: National Park System; National Wilderness Preservation System

US Public Lands Fig p. 596

Managing US Public Land  Biodiversity and ecological function  No subsidies or tax breaks for use  Public should get fair compensation  Users held responsible for actions  Takings and property rights

Managing and Sustaining Forests Ecological Importance of Forests  Food webs and energy flow  Water regulation  Local and regional climate  Numerous habitats and niches  Air purification

Managing and Sustaining Forests Economic Importance of Forests  Fuelwood (50% of global forest use)  Industrial timber and lumber  Pulp and paper  Medicines  Mineral extraction and recreation

Forest Structure Fig p. 601

Types of Forests  Old-growth (frontier) forests  Second-growth forests  Tree farms/plantation Fig p. 609

Forest Management  Even-aged management  Industrial forestry  Uneven-aged management  Improved diversity  Sustainable production  Multiple-use  Rotation cycle

Management Strategies Fig p. 601 Fig p. 602

Logging Roads  Increased erosion and runoff  Habitat fragmentation  Pathways for exotic species  Accessibility to humans Fig p. 602

Harvesting Trees  Selective cutting  High-grading  Shelterwood cutting  Seed-tree cutting  Clearcutting  Strip cutting Fig p. 603

Sustainable Forestry  Longer rotations  Selective or strip cutting  Minimize fragmentation  Improved road building techniques  Certified sustainable grown (See Solutions p. 598)

Pathogens Fungal Diseases Insect Pests  Bark beetles  Gypsy moth  Chestnut blight  Dutch elm disease

Fire  Surface fires  Crown fires Fig p. 607

Forest Resources and Management in the United States  Habitat for threatened and endangered species  Water purification services  Recreation  3% of timber harvest  Sustainable yield and multiple use  Substitutes for tree products

Tropical Deforestation  Rapid and increasing  Loss of biodiversity  Cultural extinction  Unsustainable agriculture and ranching  Clearing for cash crop plantations  Commercial logging  Fuelwood

Degradation of Tropical Forests Fig p. 615

Reducing Tropical Deforestation  Identification of critical ecosystems  Reducing poverty and population growth  Sustainable tropical agriculture  Encourage protection of large tracts  Debt-for-nature swaps  Less destructive harvesting methods

The Fuelwood Crisis  Planting fast-growing fuelwood plants  Burning wood more efficiently  Switching to other fuels Fig p. 618

Managing and Sustaining National Parks  Most parks are too small to maintain biodiversity  Invasion by exotic species  Popularity a major problem  Traffic jams and air pollution  Visitor impact (noise)  Natural regulation  Better pay for park staff

Establishing, Designing, and Managing Nature Reserves  Include some moderate disturbance  Sustain natural ecological processes  Protect most important areas  Buffer zones  Gap analysis  Wilderness areas See Solutions p. 625

Ecological Restoration  Ecological restoration  Restoration ecology  Rehabilitation  Replacement  Creating artificial ecosystems  Natural restoration See Individuals Matter p. 630

Key Concepts Ch. 24  Economic and ecological importance  Effects of human activities  Protecting and sustaining aquatic diversity  Protecting and sustaining fisheries  Protecting and restoring wetlands

The Importance of Aquatic Biodiversity  Coral reefs  Estuaries  Deep ocean floor  Food items  Many chemicals  Medicines and drugs Fig p. 636

Human Impacts on Aquatic Biodiversity  Species loss and endangerment  Marine habitat loss and degradation  Freshwater habitat loss and degradation  Overfishing  Nonnative species  Pollution and global warming

Protecting and Sustaining Marine Biodiversity  Protect endangered and threatened species  Establish protected areas  Integrated coastal management  Regulating and preventing ocean pollution  Sustainable management of marine fisheries

Managing and Sustaining the World’s Marine Fisheries  Fishery regulations  Economic approaches  Bycatch reduction  Protected areas  Nonnative species  Consumer information  Aquaculture See Spotlight p. 650

Protecting, Sustaining, and Restoring Wetlands  Regulations  Mitigation banking  Land use planning  Wetlands restoration  Control of invasive species See Individuals Matter p. 652 Fig p. 653

Protecting, Sustaining, and Restoring Lakes  Pollution  Invasive species  Water levels  Cultural eutrophication Fig p. 655

Protecting, Sustaining, and Restoring Rivers  Pollution  Disruption of water flow  Loss of biodiversity Fig p. 656  Invasive species