Reproductive System 1. This tract is lined by what type of membrane. 2 Reproductive System 1. This tract is lined by what type of membrane? 2. The opening of this tract (vagina, penis) is lined with what type of epithelium? 3. Past the opening, what type of epithelium lines the uterus? 4. How many layers of muscle are in the wall of the tubes like the fallopian tubes and vagina? 5. How many layers of muscle are in the uterus (holding chamber)? 6. What parasympathetic nerve would supply the reproductive system?

1031 Basal lamina Spermatogonium (stem cell) Type A daughter cell remains at basal lamina as a stem cell Mitosis Type B daughter cell Growth Enters meiosis I and moves to adluminal compartment Primary spermatocyte Meiosis I completed Secondary spermatocytes Meiosis II Early spermatids Late spermatids Spermatozoa (b) Events of spermatogenesis, showing the relative position of various spermatogenic cells 1031

1032 Approximately 24 days Golgi apparatus Acrosomal vesicle Mitochondria Acrosome Nucleus 1 2 Centrioles Spermatid nucleus Microtubules Midpiece Head (a) 3 Flagellum Excess cytoplasm 4 Tail 5 6 7 (b) 1032

1044 Meiotic events Follicle development in ovary Before birth Oogonium (stem cell) Follicle cells Mitosis Oocyte Primary oocyte Primordial follicle Growth Infancy and childhood (ovary inactive) Primary oocyte (arrested in prophase I; present at birth) Primordial follicle Each month from puberty to menopause Primary follicle Primary oocyte (still arrested in prophase I) Secondary follicle Spindle Vesicular (Graafian) follicle Meiosis I (completed by one primary oocyte each month in response to LH surge) Secondary oocyte (arrested in metaphase II) First polar body Ovulation Meiosis II of polar body (may or may not occur) Sperm Ovulated secondary oocyte Meiosis II completed (only if sperm penetration occurs) In absence of fertilization, ruptured follicle becomes a corpus luteum and ultimately degenerates. Polar bodies (all polar bodies degenerate) Second polar body Ovum Degenating corpus luteum 1044

Spermatic cord Blood vessels and nerves Ductus (vas) deferens Testosterone Spermatic cord Blood vessels and nerves Ductus (vas) deferens Head of epididymis Testis Efferent ductule Seminiferous Tubule (1-4) 2’ Rete testis Lobule (250) Straight tubule Septum Tunica albuginea Body of epididymis Tunica vaginalis Duct of epididymis Cavity of tunica vaginalis Tail of epididymis (a) 1021

-acidic testicular fluid Spermatogonium (stem cell) Cytoplasm of adjacent sustentacular cells Sustentacular cell nucleus Aka Sertoli cells Basal lamina Type A daughter cell remains at basal lamina as a stem cell Type B daughter cell Tight junction between sustentacular cells -Inhibin -ABP -acidic testicular fluid Primary spermatocyte Secondary spermatocytes Early spermatids Late spermatids Cytoplasmic bridge Spermatozoa Lumen of seminifer- ous tubule (c) A portion of the seminiferous tublule wall, showing the spermato- genic cells surrounded by sustentacular cells (colored gold) 1031

Seminiferous tubule (c) Interstitial cells (Testosterone) Spermatogenic cells in tubule epithelium Areolar connective tissue Myoid cells Sperm 1031

Urinary bladder Superficial inguinal ring (end of inguinal canal) Testicular artery Spermatic cord Ductus (vas) deferens Penis Autonomic nerve fibers Middle septum of scrotum Pampiniform venous plexus Cremaster muscle External spermatic fascia Epididymis Tunica vaginalis (from peritoneum) Superficial fascia containing dartos muscle Tunica albuginea of testis Scrotum Internal spermatic fascia Skin 91.4 degrees 1020

Spermatic cord Blood vessels and nerves Ductus (vas) deferens Head of epididymis Testis Efferent ductule (Vas efferens) Seminiferous tubule Rete testis Lobule Straight tubule Septum Tunica albuginea Body of epididymis Tunica vaginalis Duct of epididymis Cavity of tunica vaginalis Tail of epididymis (a) Mature & storage (4 weeks) 1021

Ureter Urinary bladder Prostatic urethra Membranous urethra Peritoneum Seminal vesicle Urogenital diaphragm Ampulla of ductus deferens Pubis Corpus spongiosum Ejaculatory duct Corpus cavernosum Rectum Spongy urethra Prostate Bulbourethral gland Epididymis Glans penis Anus Prepuce Bulb of penis Testis External urethral orifice Ductus (vas) deferens Scrotum 1019

-60%, fructose, mucous, prostaglandins Milky alkaline Ureter Ampulla of ductus deferens Seminal vesicle -60%, fructose, mucous, prostaglandins Milky alkaline Urinary bladder Ejaculatory duct Prostate Prostatic urethra Orifices of prostatic ducts Bulbourethral gland and duct Alkaline mucous Membranous urethra Urogenital diaphragm Bulb of penis Root of penis Crus of penis Bulbourethral duct opening Ductus deferens Corpora cavernosa Epididymis Corpus spongiosum Shaft (body) of penis Testis Section of (b) Spongy urethra Glans penis Prepuce (foreskin) (a) External urethral orifice Dorsal vessels and nerves Corpora cavernosa Urethra Skin Tunica albuginea of erectile bodies Deep arteries (b) Semen 7.5pH + 4 = 6.5pH Corpus spongiosum 1023

Male Reflexes Erection Parasympathetic reflex with relaxation of smooth muscle of arteries and erectile tissue Emission Sympathetic reflex with peristalsis of ducts and glands to allow semen to enter urethra Ejaculation Somatic reflex with contraction of bulbospongiosus muscle to allow semen to exit the body

Hypothalamus 1034 GnRH Anterior Via portal pituitary blood Inhibin FSH 8 7 2 Inhibin 2 FSH LH Interstitial cells 3 4 6 Testosterone Somatic and psychological effects at other body sites Sustentacular cell Spermatogenic cells 5 Seminiferous tubule Stimulates Inhibits 1034

Testosterone Targets organs associated with the male primary sex characteristics (penis, testicles, ducts and glands) Targets organs associated with male secondary sex characteristics (bones, skeletal muscle, larynx, hair distribution) Stimulates protein synthesis (anabolic steroid)

Vulva Mons pubis Labia Majora (adipose) Prepuce of clitoris Labia minora Clitoris (glans) Paraurethral gl. Urethral orifice Vestibule Hymen (ruptured) Vestibular bulbs (c. spongiosum) Vaginal orifice Anus Opening of the duct of the greater vestibular gland (a) Bartholen’s gland (mucous) (bulbourethral gland) 1040

1035 Suspensory ligament of ovary Infundibulum Uterine tube Ovary Fimbriae Peritoneum Uterus Uterosacral ligament Round ligament Vesicouterine pouch Perimetrium Rectouterine pouch Urinary bladder Pubic symphysis Rectum Mons pubis Posterior fornix Cervix Urethra Anterior fornix Clitoris Vagina External urethral orifice Anus Hymen Urogenital diaphragm Labium minus Greater vestibular (Bartholin’s) gland Labium majus 1035

-sm. muscle peristalsis -plugged -HPV (90%) Ciliated Ectopic pregnancy Suspensory ligament of ovary Uterine (fallopian) tube Uterine tube Ovarian blood vessels Fundus of uterus Lumen (cavity) of uterus Ampulla Mesosalpinx Ovary Isthmus Mesovarium Infundibulum Broad ligament Fimbriae Mesometrium Round ligament of uterus Ovarian ligament Endometrium Slough, placenta Body of uterus Myometrium Wall of uterus Ureter Uterine blood vessels Perimetrium peritoneum Isthmus Internal os Uterosacral ligament Cervical canal Lateral cervical (cardinal) ligament External os Vagina Lateral fornix Cervix -pH 4 -stratified squamous -erectile tissue -sm. muscle peristalsis (a) -plugged -HPV (90%) 1037

Lumen of uterus Epithelium Capillaries Uterine glands Stratum functionalis Venous sinusoids Mucous membrane Lamina propria of connective tissue Spiral (coiled) artery Straight artery Stratum basalis Endometrial vein Smooth muscle fibers Myometrium Radial artery Arcuate artery Uterine artery Placenta (b) 1039

-Estrogen & Progesterone -Oogenesis -Estrogen & Progesterone Tunica albuginea Oocyte Granulosa cells Late secondary follicle Degenerating corpus luteum (corpus albicans) Cortex Mesovarium and blood vessels Germinal epithelium cuboidal Vesicular (Graafian) follicle Estrogen Primary follicles Antrum Secondary oocyte Oocyte Ovarian ligament Zona pellucida Theca folliculi Medulla Ovulated oocyte Corpus luteum Developing corpus luteum Corona radiata progesterone (a) Diagrammatic view of an ovary sectioned to reveal the follicles in its interior 1036 & 1046

Pectoralis major muscle Suspensory ligament Skin (cut) Pectoralis major muscle Suspensory ligament E Adipose tissue Lobe 15-20 progesterone Areola Nipple E Opening of lactiferous duct Lactiferous sinus ampulla Lactiferous duct E Prolactin -Ant. Pit. -Pregnancy-breast growth -Postpartum-milk production Lobule containing alveoli Oxytocin -Post. Pit. -Milk release -Contraction of uterine wall (a) 1042

1088 Let down reflex Inhibits hypothalamic neurons that release dopamine. Hypothalamus releases prolactin releasing factors (PRFs) to portal circulation. Start Stimulation of mechanoreceptors in nipples by suckling infant sends afferent impulses to the hypothalamus. Hypothalamus sends efferent impulses to the posterior pituitary where oxytocin is stored. Anterior pituitary secretes prolactin to blood. Oxytocin is released from the posterior pituitary and stimulates myoepithelial cells of breasts to contract. Prolactin targets mammary glands. Milk production Alveolar glands respond by releasing milk through ducts of nipples. 1088 Let down reflex

Growth & dvlpmt ovulation Progesterone Uterine build up 1048 Stimulates Hypothalamus Hypothalamus Inhibits 5 GnRH Positive feedback exerted by large in estrogen output. 4 8 Travels via portal blood 1 Anterior pituitary 1 5 Progesterone Estrogens Inhibin LH surge FSH LH Ruptured follicle 6 2 2 8 Growth & dvlpmt ovulation Slightly elevated estrogen and rising inhibin levels. 3 7 Thecal cells Granulosa cells Androgens Corpus luteum Mature follicle Ovulated secondary oocyte Progesterone Uterine build up Convert androgens to estrogens Inhibin 2 Late follicular and luteal phases Early and midfollicular phases 1048

Estrogen -Primary and secondary sex characteristics -Development of breast tissue (adipose, ducts, nipple) -Stimulates the build-up of the endometrium for the menstrual period

Progesterone -Development of the glandular breast tissue -Works with estrogen to build-up endometrium -Decrease in progesterone responsible for the sloughing of the endometrium

GnRH