Columbia River Basalt Flows Icing the Cake. Volcanic Episodes 65 55 45 35 25 15 0 5 Age (Myrs) Western Cascade Arc (37-15 Myrs) Challis Arc (55-42 Myrs)

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Presentation transcript:

Columbia River Basalt Flows Icing the Cake

Volcanic Episodes Age (Myrs) Western Cascade Arc (37-15 Myrs) Challis Arc (55-42 Myrs) High Cascade Arc (5-0 Myrs) Columbia River Basalts (17-6 Myrs, Most Myrs) Yellowstone Hot Spot (14-0 Myrs)

Large Igneous Provinces (LIPs) Flood basaltAgeVolume (mi 3 (km 3 ) ) Siberian Traps250 Myrs950,000 (4,000,000) Deccan Traps66 Myrs475,000 (2,000,000) CRBs/Steens Mt.17-6 Myrs60,000 (250,000)

Columbia River Basalts (CRBs) F-1 Just the Facts: Myrs old (mostly Myrs) 2.Over 300 lava flows 3.Covers 63,200 mi 2 (164,000 km 2 ) 4.Volume = 41,600 mi 3 (171,000 km 3 )

CRB Landmarks Haystack Rock, Cannon BeachBeacon Rock, Columbia Gorge Multnomah Falls Dry Falls Palouse Falls

Relative Volume of the CRBs Columbia River Basalts (41,600 mi 2 ) Yellowstone Eruptions Tambora, 1815 Krakatoa, 1883 Mt. St. Helens, 1980 Crater Lake, 7,000 yrs ago Mt. Pinatubo, 1991

Basalt Thickness Thickness of Wanapum Formation

Divided into Four Main Formations (Based on chemistry, age, paleomagnetics) All Basalts

F-6 Age (Myr) FormationMember# of FLows Area (mi 2 ) Volume (mi 3 ) 6 Saddle Mountain Lower Monumental Ice Harbor Buford Elephant Mtn25, Pamona18, Esquatzel11,05017 Weissenfels Ridge Asotin12,49053 Wilber Creek21, Umatilla25, TOTAL1911, Wanapum Priest Rapids322, Roza415, Frenchman Springs2126,9301,540 Eckler Mtn82,35041 TOTAL3637,0502, Grande Ronde 7 members (N)3344,1906, members (R)4545,45012, members (N)1539,5107, members (R)2737,3208,680 TOTAL12057,53035, Imnaha? Members2619,3802,280 GRAND TOTAL31163,20041,588 6% 86% 7% 1%

Eruptions mostly finished by 14.5 Myrs

Imnaha Basalts ( Mys) F-7

Grande Ronde Basalts ( Mys) F-7

Wanapum Basalts ( Mys) F-8

Roza Member Volume Roza Member (Wanapum Basalts) 1300 km 3 / 5-15 yrs Mauna Loa 1859 Eruption 0.27 km 3 / 10 months Laki (Iceland) 1783 Eruption 14.7 km 3 / 8 months Hawaii Eruption 0.5 km 3 / 6 yrs

One Flow in the Roza Member Volume: 700 km 3 Time: 7 days Velocity: 5-15 km/hr Fissure Length: >100 km Rate: 100 km 3 per day (1 km 3 per day per km of fissure) For Comparison - 1 Hawaiin Flow (0.001 km 3 per day per km of fissure)

Saddle Mountain Basalts (13-6 Mys) F-8

Other Flows - Part of CRB’s? Picture Gorge & Steens Mtn Basalts F-8 Steens Mtn ( Myrs)

CRB “Feeder Dikes” F-7

Grande Ronde Feeder Dike Photo by Vic Camp

Over 300 Basalt Flows

Flow Anatomy Vesicular Top Upper Colonnade (not shown) Entablature Pillows (if it flowed into water) Main Colonnade

Flow Anatomy Vesicular Top Upper Colonnade (not shown) Entablature Pillows (if it flowed into water) Main Colonnade

Flow Anatomy Vesicular Top Upper Colonnade Entablature Main Colonnade (below pictue)