International marriage migrants to rural areas in Korea and Japan: a comparative analysis KAMIYA Hiroo(Kanazawa Univ., JAPAN) LEE Chul Woo(Kyungpook Univ., KOREA)

1.Current status of international marriage migration to rural areas in Korea and Japan 2.Common features of marriage migration between Korea and Japan 3.How the international marriage will transform the rural communities of Korea and Japan ?

1)When inflow began? ・ Korea mid 1990s ・ Japan mid 1980s 2)Backgroun ｄ ・ During the high economic growth process, income gap between urbanized areas and rural areas has expanded in both countries ・ young women feel unattractive to marry men living in rural environment, where traditional gender role and social tie dominate 1.Current status of international marriage migration to rural areas in Korea and Japan

3)Other factors ・ women with disposable income, i.e. working women prefer to continue their job, which prohibit them to live in rural areas 4)How many marriage migrants have moved to rural areas in Korea and Japan? ・ no exact data in Korea & Japan ・ rapid growth in Korea, and steadily growth in Japan 1.Current status of international marriage migration to rural areas in Korea and Japan

Fig.1 Number of marriages between Korean male and foreign female

Fig.2 Number of issued visa status “women married with Korean men” Note: rural areas 17,157 urbanized areas 49,755 ( )

Fig.3 Unmarried population rate by age and sex in Japan

Fig.4 Unmarried rate of men aged in Japan (2000)

Fig.5 Number of issued visa status “women married with Japanese men”

Fig.6 Number of foreign brides in Mogami region in Yamagata Pref.

2.Common features of marriage migration between Korea and Japan ☆ Preliminary comparative study ・ based on previous findings, statistics and our field survey in both countries

[profile of bride] ・ Korean Chinese ・ Japanese (one religious sect “unified Christianity”), highly educated ・ Filipino ・ Vietnamese ・ Korean Chinese ・ Japanese (one religious sect “unified Christianity”), highly educated ・ Filipino ・ Vietnamese ・ Korean (80s-90s), more aged, highly educated, urbanite ・ Filipino(90s), young, highly educated ・ Chinese(2000s-), young, highly educated ・ Korean (80s-90s), more aged, highly educated, urbanite ・ Filipino(90s), young, highly educated ・ Chinese(2000s-), young, highly educated

[Profile of receiving village] ・ full-time farmer ・ brides work at their farm land ・ remote village ・ full-time farmer ・ brides work at their farm land ・ remote village ・ part-time farmer ・ brides work at nearby factory or shops ・ extremely remote village with low income ・ part-time farmer ・ brides work at nearby factory or shops ・ extremely remote village with low income

[Role of match maker] ・ match making industry is quite visible and play important role ・ marriage arrangement by match making industry is more popular ・ stronger paternal family lineage than that in Japan ・ match making industry is quite visible and play important role ・ marriage arrangement by match making industry is more popular ・ stronger paternal family lineage than that in Japan ・ match making industry is less visible but still play important role ・ municipal governments provide various support for match making with fearing for depopulation ・ more individualistic than Korea, but still exist paternal family lineage ・ match making industry is less visible but still play important role ・ municipal governments provide various support for match making with fearing for depopulation ・ more individualistic than Korea, but still exist paternal family lineage

[Match making system by industry] ・ Japanese men pay 15,000 – 30,000 US $ to match making industry for arranging ・ Korean men pay for 7,000 – 15,000 US $ to match making industry for arranging. ・ Most match making process complete within a week of oversea trip for matching and dating ・ Korean men have preferable impression about Vietnamese women through Vietnam War

1)Second generation of foreign brides grew up to be adults. They are expected to outmigrate to urbanized areas.  In Japan, small and quite temporary effects of maintaining rural population 3.What has changed by increasing international marriage in Korea and Japan ?

2)In the extremely patriarchal and conservative rural societies in Korea and Japan, women’s right and status in the rural societies has been shed light through advocating legal right of brides

3)In order to resolve the problems concerning about unmarried male in rural areas, It is needed to create job opportunities in the remote rural areas, but under the globally fierce economic competition, governments in both countries have no option to choose protective trading policy favoring rural areas  continued depopulation process in remote rural areas are expected to result in banishment of hamlets and small villages in the near future