Landscape functions and people Bangkok, october 2010 Power relations in the landscape Powerscapes.

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Landscape functions and people Bangkok, october 2010 Power relations in the landscape Powerscapes

Capacity to make informed decisions Is there enough information shared so that right holders can make an informed decision? Is the right holders' decision taken into account into public decision making? Does the right holder have enough negotiation skills to be taken into account (leveled playing field) What is the level of decision-making to which right holders have access? What is the space of decision-making to which right holders have access? Power

Is power negative or positive?

Power may have different meanings ….‘negative’- some having control over others, the same as domination or something ‘positive’, as necessary for agency and productive action? ….something ‘held’ by actors (powerful and powerless) or something that pervades life, in all relationships and discourses? ….’zero-sum’ (always with winners and losers) or something fluid and accumulative?

Feeling power and powerlessness Take a marker and a sheet of paper, and fold the paper in half On one side, draw a situation in which you felt powerful On the other side, draw a situation in which you felt powerless Present your drawing to your neighbours

1. Expressions of power Power over… (domination, control) Power to… (agency, capacity to act) Power with… (solidarity, mutual support) Power within… (dignity, self-esteem)

Realms of public, private and intimate power Public realm of power (visible, employment, public life) Private realm of power (family, relationships, friends, marriage) Intimate realm of power (self-esteem, confidence, control over body)

Exercise "feeling power"  First round: align from the highest to the lowest power position  Second round: re-align from the highest to the lowest Questions for analysis What happens during the two rounds? Why? How do you feel in the positions assigned to you? What does it mean to you and for your working situation? What does it mean for stakeholders in your landscape?

The power cube (John Gaventa, IDS) Understanding the levels, spaces, and forms of power Assessing power, and the potential to bring about change Identifying the options for effective empowerment action

Levels of power: household, community, district, national, international Spaces of power: closed, invited, claimed Forms of power: visible, hidden, invisible The power cube

National Local International Levels of power

ClosedInvitedClaimed National Local International Spaces of power Levels of power Spaces of power

ClosedInvitedClaimed National Local International Forms of power Levels of power Spaces of power Forms of power Visible Invisible Hidden

Visible power Participate in (public) decision-making (in public spaces, political processes) Ability to influence decision-making (defining who who wins and who loses) Can be observed and measured

Hidden power Setting the agenda “backstage” Creating barriers and biases which determine which issues can be addressed Avoiding decisions to be taken ("non-decisions” are also decisions)

Invisible power Values, believes, social and cultural norms determining public opinions Affects internalised sense of power or powerlessness; agency and self esteem Not always observable or even detectable (but this doesn’t mean it’s not there)

Power cube Developed by John Gaventa, IDS Three dimensions of power: Levels, spaces and forms Empowerment: Lifting levels, moving spaces and changing forms

How to use power to s trengthen stakeholders' positions? Levels of powerMobilise capacities at all levels connect vertically by building alliances and networks Spaces of powerStrengthen (in)formal institutions connect horizontally by building chains of accountability Forms of powerAddress the hidden and invisible forms of power at all levels and spaces, and make them visible through lobby and advocacy

Group exercise Map the power of the right holders in your landscape Which empowerment strategies would be needed to improve the situation of those having less power? What is the consequence of these strategies for the duty bearers involved? How to measure/evaluate these effects?