Chinese Name Authority Control : The HKCAN Model Kylie CHAN Lily HU Patrick LO Lingnan University Library

Outline Problems of using existing LCNA Urgent need for a Hong Kong authority file HKCAN workgroup Future development of Chinese authority work

Problems of Using Existing LCNA Hong Kong libraries adopt MARC21 standard >3 million name headings are all in romanized form All Chinese headings are in romanized form only, without the Chinese script Word-phonetic transliteration presents NO morphological meaning

Omitting Original Chinese Script Chan mu chieh kan huan hsin tien : Li tai kang pao tou cheng / Chen ying chu.

Repeating Main-Heading-Entry Tag CMARC CNMARC UNIMARC Original Chi. script Trans- literat- ion

Repeating Main-Heading-Entry Tag MARC21 Non-repeatable

Equal Weight on both English & Chinese HK is a bilingual society Many authors publish in both Chinese & English Many publications issued in bilingual format ‘See-also’ to link up different language headings is tiresome & time-consuming ChineseEnglish

Lack of Uniqueness Li, Ch’i

Headings with Mixed Forms

Features & Uniqueness of Chinese Civilizations >5000 years culture -- much uniqueness has not been featured by AACR2 Different forms of one’s name in different publications, e.g. school name, studio name, official name, courtesy name, temple name, pen name, etc.

Different Ways to Represent Ancient Chinese Emperor’s Titles e.g. Kublai Khan and NOT (Hubilie) Genghis Khan and NOT (Chengjishihan) Wu hou and NOT (Wu, Zetian)

Inconsistent Treatment of Personal Names in LCNA

Limited Coverage of Chinese-Name Headings in LCNA

Urgent Need for a Hong Kong Authority File Should NOT rely merely on LCNA Inadequate vendor-supplied authority control services in Chinese language Some HK libraries have developed their own ways to deal with Chinese authority data

Various Authority Record Formats

Inconsistent Bibliographic Information Different libraries choose different authoritative forms for a name Problem of inconsistent bibliographic information is highlighted when searching under networked environment

To search for under networked environment 720

286

Hong Kong Chinese Authority (Name) Workgroup

HKCAN

HKCAN

More Faster Cheaper Better

HKCAN’s Goals Faster: speeds up progress of Chinese authority work Better: provides greater consistency Cheaper: reduces redundant time & effort More: provides comprehensive coverage of Chinese name headings

HKCAN Database’s Unique Features 1. Records can be downloaded via remote access

Single / Two Authority Records? 7XX / Double 1XXs?

7XX--Heading Linking Entries Once considered but NOT feasible for HK libraries Its actual application NOT yet been clearly defined in MARC 21 NOT yet been widely adopted by library communities

7XX--Heading Linking Entries Time-consuming & labor-intensive for on-going maintenance & updating TWO separate authority records LC record 1XX Lau, Joseph 7XX HKCAN record 1XX 7XX Lau, Joseph

7XX--Heading Linking Entries Does NOT enable comprehensive searching of multilingual publications concurrently Using 7xx to locate publications in other language/script on OPAC is confusing

7XX--Search Result You searched for the AUTHOR: Lingnan University To search for 1. Lingnan University (Hong Kong) 2. Lingnan University (Hong Kong) 3 AUTHORS found, with 11 entries; AUTHORS 1-3 are: -->See also: …..…1 entry --> See also heading in other thesaurus : ……………………..1 entry ……….9 entries 3. Lingnan University (Hong Kong) Lingnan University LINGNAN COLLEGE (HONG KONG)

HKCAN Database’s Unique Features 2. Using a single authority record: To link up an author’s multilingual publications 1XX headings in different languages/scripts are regarded as equivalents

HKCAN Model A 880 will not be considered, when using double 1XXs

Expected search result To search for (1XX): ›All works by “ ” & “Lau, Joseph S. M.” will be retrieved; To search for Lau, Joseph S.M. (1XX): ›All works by “Lau, Joseph S. M.” & “ ” will be retrieved; To search for Liu, Shaoming (4XX): ›Liu,Shaoming  see ›Liu,Shaoming  see Lau, Joseph S. M.

Disadvantages of Model A 2nd 1XX - NOT supported by Innovative LC established form - NOT always a systematic transliteration of Chinese form in 1st 1XX

HKCAN Model B 19X Tag: 1st 1XX -- in Chinese script 2nd 1XX -- Replaced by 19X (Locally defined field for English form or Pinyin)

Tag 19X’s 2nd indicator

HKCAN Database Setup 1. Merging of authority data More than 100,000 Chinese authority records have been created by 7 local libraries Average annual intake = 23,000 records A library will remove all duplicates

HKCAN Database Setup 2. Software development: enhance NCL’s software to web-based interface, with capability to support CCCII, Big5 & GB internal codes 3. System maintenance: daily technical & server support will be taken up by a larger-scale library

Future Development of HKCAN 1. Online linkage to individual libraries’ catalogues Bibliographic Catalogues

Future Development of HKCAN 2. Machine-generated authority records Bibliographic record Authority record

multilingual, multiscript, multipurpose operate under Web-based environment multilingual, multiscript, multipurpose operate under Web-based environment

Tag 856 Web-based interface extends the traditional boundaries of authority work Access to information will NOT be governed by restrictive MARC tags Will increase access to & sharing of information worldwide

Tag 856

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Cooperation on an International scale In Beijing ,000+ name authority records have been created by NLC In Taiwan -- NCL & NTU are merging their authority records into a new database LCNA’s success -- built up on an international cooperative effort NACO libraries to share the National Authority File

Shared authority files to serve international audience Other overseas library communities can also benefit from HKCAN HKCAN’s success relies on all library communities’ support in the 19X- Authority Model

Conclusion MARC21 must allow original Chinese script HKCAN project is by NO means easy It is an imperative task for all libraries concerned

Mission Impossible? Name Authority

Conclusion Our success hinges on the support, cooperative spirit, effective communication among all library communities

Mission Possible! Name Authority

Comprehensive Chinese bibliographical Database Conclusion HKCAN is still at implementation stage Worth to participate in & contribute to the shared authority files