Chapter 20 DNA and Biotechnology Bio 130 Human Biology

DNA molecule Figure: 21-CO Title: DNA model. Caption:

DNA Is a Double Helix Consisting of Two Strings of Nucleotides Bio 130 Human Biology

Figure: 21-01 Title: DNA structure. Caption: DNA is a double-stranded molecule that is twisted to form a spiral structure called a double helix.

Figure: 21-01b Title: DNA structure. Caption: Bottom half.

During Replication of DNA Each Original Strand Serves As a Template for a New Strand This process is also used by Man to determine the sequence of DNA Bio 130 Human Biology

Semiconservative replication Each new strand has half an original strand Figure: 21-02 Title: DNA replication. Caption: DNA replication is called semiconservative because the new DNA consists of one “old” strand and one “new” strand.

DNA Sequencing Bio 130 Human Biology Figure 20.1

Gel Electrophoresis Figure 20.1 (2 of 3)

DNA Sequencing Figure 20.1 (3 of 3)

DNA Codes for RNA, Which Codes for a Protein This is the central dogma of DNA Bio 130 Human Biology

transcription Figure: 21-03 Title: Transcription. Caption: Transcription is the process of producing RNA from a DNA template. This RNA Molecule will be translated by Ribosomes into a protein. This protein has an activity that will give us a phenotype

DNA Codes for RNA, Which Codes for a Protein Translation is protein synthesis the genetic code Table 17.7 page 405 (from ch 17) A codon is 3 nucleotides together Each codon, represents a specific Amino Acid Changes in a sequence, will change a codon which will change the protein Bio 130 Human Biology

Codons and their AA Fig 17.7 Table: 21-T03 Title: The genetic code. Caption:

The Human Genome Project An effort to sequence the entire human genome What Does it do Function Change over time Identify disease/health Sequencing Bio 130 Human Biology

Genetic Map Bio 130 Human Biology Figure 20.12 (1/4)

Now we know the sequence What tools do we have and how can we use them. Bio 130 Human Biology

Recombinant DNA Technique Figure 20.3

What to do when you don’t want or need a vector? Bio 130 Human Biology

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Bio 130 Human Biology Figure 20.5 (1/2)

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Bio 130 Human Biology Figure 20.5 (2/2)

Genetic Engineering Is the Manipulation of DNA for Human Purposes Recombinant DNA is made of DNA from different sources Humans can not mix and match various genes from different organisms This allows us to do things in a few years which previously would take deckades Bio 130 Human Biology

Laboratory-Modified DNA Recombinant DNA: cutting, splicing, copying DNA Restriction enzymes DNA ligases Plasmids Bio 130 Human Biology

Recombinant DNA Technique Bio 130 Human Biology Figure 20.4

Genetic Engineering: Transgenic Organisms Transgenic bacterial uses to make bioactive molecules (medicine): Insulin Human growth hormone Erythropoeitin Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) Vaccines Bio 130 Human Biology

Genetic Engineering: Transgenic Organisms Transgenic plants: Increased resistance to freezing Longer shelf life of fruits and vegetables Increased vitamin A (and overall nutrition) Edible vaccines Human proteins (i.e., albumin) (when required in very large amounts) Bio 130 Human Biology

Table: 21-TA Title: Concerns about genetically modified food. Caption:

Transgenic Animals Bigger challenges: Successes: No plasmid use Cloning more difficult Successes: Bovine growth hormone for faster animal growth “Gene farming” Bio 130 Human Biology

Figure: 21-A Title: The proposed procedures for using adult stem cells and embryonic stem cells. Caption:

Genetic Engineering Is the Manipulation of DNA for Human Purposes Recombinant DNA is made of DNA from different sources Bio 130 Human Biology

Figure: 21-12-1 Title: An overview of genetic engineering using plasmids. Caption: Step 1.

Figure: 21-12-2-3 Title: An overview of genetic engineering using plasmids. Caption: Steps 2 and 3.

Figure: 21-12-4-5 Title: An overview of genetic engineering using plasmids. Caption: Steps 4 and 5.

Figure: 21-12-6-7 Title: An overview of genetic engineering using plasmids . Caption: Steps 6 and 7.

Figure: 21-15-1-4 Title: Producing a transgenic animal. Caption: Steps 1 through 4.

Figure: 21-15-5-7 Title: Producing a transgenic animal. Caption: Steps 5 through 7.

Genetic Engineering Is the Manipulation of DNA for Human Purposes Gene therapy replaces faulty genes with functional genes methods of delivering a healthy gene examples of conditions suitable for gene therapy Faulty information in mRNA may someday be correctable Gene silencing may someday adjust gene activity DNA fingerprinting can identify individuals Bio 130 Human Biology

Gene Therapy: Hope of the Future Obstacles: Transplant into “right” cells Into reproductive cells? Bio 130 Human Biology

Vectors Transfer Genes to Human Cells Bio 130 Human Biology Figure 20.13

Vectors Transfer Genes to Human Cells (cont.) Retroviruses Liposomes Direct DNA injection Bio 130 Human Biology

Gene Therapy Successes Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) success Cystic fibrosis Cancer research Bio 130 Human Biology

Gene therapy ornithine transcarboxylase deficiency (OTCD). X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency disease (X-SCID), Not approved by the FDA http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/medicine/genetherapy.shtml Bio 130 Human Biology

The Purpose of the Human Genome Project Is to Identify the Complete DNA Sequence of the Human Genome A way to identify and characterize all the genes and the entire sequence of the human genome. Funded by the DOE A way to look at change in the human genome and health over time http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/home.shtml Bio 130 Human Biology

What we can do with this info? Individual medicine Diagnose Disease faster Identify individuals Bio 130 Human Biology

DNA Fingerprint Using an individuals unique DNA sequence and 20 or so specific marker we can determine who and individual is Process DNA sample cut with restriction enzymes and separated by size. Probes that bind to specific sequences of DNA will highlight their specific matches. The pattern is used to identify individuals Bio 130 Human Biology