השמר מקור פחמן (גלוקוז או סוכרים אחרים) מקור חנקן (כגון ח.אמינו) מקור חמצן יכולת תסיסה פטרייה חד-תאית אאוקריוט (מע' רפליקציה, רקומבינציה חלוקת תא ומטאבוליזם)

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השמר מקור פחמן (גלוקוז או סוכרים אחרים) מקור חנקן (כגון ח.אמינו) מקור חמצן יכולת תסיסה פטרייה חד-תאית אאוקריוט (מע' רפליקציה, רקומבינציה חלוקת תא ומטאבוליזם) linear dsDNA Saccharomyces cerevisiae )שמרי בירה)

לשמר יש רבייה מינית וא-מינית budding mating + sporulation

השמר יכול להימצא במצב הפלואידי (n) או דיפלואידי (2n) 1-budding 2-mating 3-sporulation

מחזור חיי השמר

Each ascus contains the four spores in a tetrahedral shape. Budding Yeast Cells Occasionally an ascus forms that has all four spores in one plane. Mating Yeast Cells

מה היתרון בכך שהשמר יכול לעבור לרבייה מינית, לעבור מיוזה וליצור ספורות בתנאי הרעבה?

תהליך ההנצה תא האם מגיע לגודל קריטי ומתחילה סינטיזת דנ"א- מיטוזה מעבר ציטופלסמה לאזור חדש תחום ע"י דופן היווצרות טבעת כיטין המפרידה בין תא האם לתא הבת (משאיר צלקת בתאים) ציטוקינזה היחלשות דופן התא ועליה בלחץ טורגור

זיווג ((mating בתגובה לפירומונים שמפריש המין השני (כשיש מין שני בנמצא) התאים מפסיקים להתחלק ומתארכים לצורה הנקראת schmoo (הגמטות של השמר) שני schmoos נצמדים עם המקטעים הצרים ומתאחים ליצור תא דיפלואידי יצירת זיגוטה (תא דיפלואידי יציב)

ספורולציה תהליך הספורולציה מופעל בתנאי עקה (רעב) וכולל חלוקות מיוטיות. התהליך דורש הפעלה של הרבה גנים, ביניהם גנים שקשורים בבניית ה- spore walls.

Each spore divides, producing a mother (M) and a daughter (D) cell without changing mating type. During the second mitotic division, the mother cell can switch mating type before division. Mating type switch

Genes required for mating-type switching to occur: MAT, HO (endonuclease), HMLalpha (for MATa -> MATalpha switch) HMRa (for MATalpha -> MATa switch) HMLalpha and HMRa loci contain "silent copies" of alpha and a mating type genes. Replicas of either can be copied into MAT by transposition, moving the genes from a transcriptionally silent site to a transcriptionally active one. The cassette model

Gene conversion The initial event is cutting of the DNA at specific sites by the HO endonuclease. The outcome of this process is that the original DNA sequence (blue) is replaced by the homologous but different sequence (red), but the red sequence itself is left unchanged.