Expanding the Horizons of Location-Aware Computing Expanding the Horizons of Location-Aware Computing Using and determining location in a context sensitive tour Guide Using and determining location in a context sensitive tour Guide Websigns: Hyperlinking Physical locations to the Web Websigns: Hyperlinking Physical locations to the Web –Presented by Mandhar Samant Mandhar Samant Raghbir Singh Banwait Raghbir Singh Banwait Rohan Puri Rohan Puri

Expanding the Horizons of Location-Aware Computing Roy Want Bill Schilit

Expanding the Horizons of Location-Aware Computing Digital information about context on mobile platforms Digital information about context on mobile platforms Origin – 1980s Origin – 1980s Active Badge – Olivetti Research –Electronic badge Test Button – send system commands Test Button – send system commands –Personalize meaning for user under different circumstances  Each combination of users modify command uniquely

Expanding the Horizons of Location-Aware Computing PARCTab – Palm-sized tablet computer linked to a diffuse microcellular IR n/w. PARCTab – Palm-sized tablet computer linked to a diffuse microcellular IR n/w. –Microcellular – location information Evolution (Killer Apps) Evolution (Killer Apps) –Laptops and PDAs –Cell phones with PDA capabilities and Internet access via WAP – Richer UI accessing HR colour displays, pen i/ps and tactile buttons

Expanding the Horizons of Location-Aware Computing E911 Requirements – emergency-service calls traceability within 150 meters. E911 Requirements – emergency-service calls traceability within 150 meters. GPS - traceability within 10 meters. GPS - traceability within 10 meters. –Reduction in chip and antennae size makes it possible to be used as an add-on to many applications. –GPS info. insufficient in providing information about location Ubiquity project – Intel Ubiquity project – Intel –Comprises of a Personal server –UI is enabled via a powerful processor, a Bluetooth radio and a HD storage.

Using and determining location in a context sensitive tour Guide N. Davies K. Cheverst K. Mitchell K. Mitchell A. Efrat

Using and determining location in a context sensitive tour Guide The system The system –Handheld device with wireless networking Cache information Cache information Send the location information - beacon Send the location information - beacon –Base stations deployed around the city Send the frequently accessed information Send the frequently accessed information Broadcast beacons Broadcast beacons Gateways to external systems e.g. reservation Gateways to external systems e.g. reservation

Using and determining location in a context sensitive tour Guide Information model Information model –Navigation objects and Location objects –Attribute relations between objects –Hypertext pages for the objects Functionality Functionality Information about objects, city tours, interactive services, message transfer, cooperative tools

Using and determining location in a context sensitive tour Guide Location based functionality Location based functionality –GPS –Cellular services –Indoor tools like ActiveBadge Approach Approach –Cell servers broadcast beacons –Sequence marks the transition to a new cell –Locator components

Using and determining location in a context sensitive tour Guide –Thumbnail driven object finder Custom tours Custom tours –Factors that make up the context Interests, attractions, mobility constraints, available time, time sensitivity of attractions, weather, cost Interests, attractions, mobility constraints, available time, time sensitivity of attractions, weather, cost –Destinations concept, grouping locations –Assigned range of numbers to all locations

Using and determining location in a context sensitive tour Guide –Brute force tour generation –Refinements to brute force : cycles –User feedback –Pre-generated tours

Websigns: Hyperlinking Physical locations to the Web Salil Prodhan Cyril Brignone Jun-Hong Cui Alan Mcreynolds Mark T.Smith

In the larger scheme of things… Scenarios Scenarios –Today : Handhelds and WAP / i-mode –Future: Handheld + Ubicom= Transparent link between physical and web world. How do we do this ? How do we do this ? –CoolTown project at HP. –The idea is point and browse Attach RFID tags, beacons and map them to URI Attach RFID tags, beacons and map them to URI Resolve URI -> URL. Resolve URI -> URL.

Websign system Requirements: PDA, Client software, positioning system (GPS), digital compass Requirements: PDA, Client software, positioning system (GPS), digital compass Sequence of events Sequence of events –User requests information. –Device connects to a web server, gets XML description of the surrounding websigns which includes URLs and control information and caches it. –Client uses locally cached info to present websigns to user as he moves around and points. Range and Horizon Range and Horizon –Each websign has a detectable range, and users have horizons i.e. websigns they activate by being in their range.

Websign-Design principles Responsiveness: adapt to change in direction and mobility. Latency reduced due to caching. Responsiveness: adapt to change in direction and mobility. Latency reduced due to caching. Robustness: disconnected operation (caching) Robustness: disconnected operation (caching) Scalability: scales well Scalability: scales well Open and web based : web infrastructure. Bindings fetched from web servers. Open and web based : web infrastructure. Bindings fetched from web servers. Inaccuracy tolerance: tolerates positional inaccuracies. Inaccuracy tolerance: tolerates positional inaccuracies. Platform heterogeneity: Client has reasonable computational requirements can be implemented on smart phones or PDAs Platform heterogeneity: Client has reasonable computational requirements can be implemented on smart phones or PDAs Websign binding: websign markup language. Tags to denote attributes such as location and control attributes. Websign binding: websign markup language. Tags to denote attributes such as location and control attributes. Server Configuration: Auto configure (proximity networks), manual mode( like entering URL in a browser) Server Configuration: Auto configure (proximity networks), manual mode( like entering URL in a browser)

Websign Client Architecture Positioning hardware provides information about the users position to the web sign kernel Horizon filter uses the this information from the kernel to determine users horizon,.i.e. active websigns Uses information from the horizon filter to determine which websigns lie in the users direction vector User interface displays the labels of the relevant websigns to the users. Kernel serves as a hardware abstraction. Different applications have different requirements. User requests, kernel gets position from positioning hardware, fuzzes it to protect privacy, gets WsML and caches it.

Applications and Issues Tourist guide, virtual post its, generally interact with services associated with physical objects. Tourist guide, virtual post its, generally interact with services associated with physical objects. Scale: improved using v-beacon (IR) and v-tags (RFID). Positioning mechanisms. Scale: improved using v-beacon (IR) and v-tags (RFID). Positioning mechanisms. Privacy: scramble user locations. Encryption (overhead)? How does it “fuzz” currently? Privacy: scramble user locations. Encryption (overhead)? How does it “fuzz” currently? Authentication: Does the client need to identify itself to the web server to get WsML tags? Authentication: Does the client need to identify itself to the web server to get WsML tags?