Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology Chapter 1 Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology

Anatomy Describes the structures of the body: what they are made of where they are located associated structures

Physiology Is the study of: functions of anatomical structures individual and cooperative functions

Specialties of Anatomy (1 of 3) Gross anatomy, or macroscopic anatomy examines large, visible structures: surface anatomy: exterior features regional anatomy: body areas

Specialties of Anatomy (2 of 3) systemic anatomy: groups of organs working together developmental anatomy: from egg (embryology) to maturity clinical anatomy: medical specialties

Specialties of Anatomy (3 of 3) Microscopic anatomy examines cells and molecules: cytology: cells and their structures cyt = cell histology: tissues and their structures

Specialties of Physiology Cell physiology: processes within and between cells Special physiology: functions of specific organs Systemic physiology: functions of an organ system Pathological physiology: effects of diseases

The Scientific Method: A powerful way of “knowing”. Starts with a question or problem, based on observations of the natural world. Propose a hypothesis, a possible answer that presents a reasonable explanation or solution. Make a prediction that tests the hypothesis. Design an experiment to see if the prediction is correct. Example: Problem: The computer cannot connect to the internet. Hypothesis: The cable is faulty. Prediction: If I use the cable from my roommate’s laptop, which is working, I should be able to connect. Experiment: Connect the known good cable and try to connect. (Using a cable that is known to be good and changing just that one thing while keeping the rest the same provides a “control”)

The Hierarchy of Structural Organization

Organizing a Muscle Protein molecules (chemical level) Protein filaments (organelle level) Muscle cells (cellular level) Cardiac muscle tissue (tissue level) Heart (organ level)

Mechanisms of Regulation Autoregulation (intrinsic): automatic response in a cell, tissue, or organ Extrinsic regulation: responses controlled by nervous and endocrine systems

Homeostasis

Homeostasis is controlled by feedback loops Example of negative feed back: blood glucose regulation

A positive feed back mechanism: blood clotting and wound healing

Integration means working together Systems integration: systems work together to maintain homeostasis

Anatomical Landmarks Figure 1–6

Positional terms Anatomical position: Supine: Prone: hands at sides, palms forward Supine: lying down, face up Prone: lying down, face down

Quadrants and Regions 4 abdominopelvic quadrants around umbilicus

9 abdominopelvic regions Figure 1–7b

Internal organs associated with abdominopelvic regions Figure 1–7c

Which Direction? Lateral: Frontal: Anatomical direction: side view front view Anatomical direction: refers to the patient’s left or right

Which Direction?

3 Dimensions Plane: Section: a 3-dimensional axis a slice parallel to a plane

3 Dimensions

The Ventral Body Cavity Coelom: divided by the diaphragm into the thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity The Ventral Body Cavity

Serous membranes The pericardium

The 11 organ systems - Some structural associations Integumentary - skin Skeletal - bones, cartilage, joints Muscular - skeletal cardiac and smooth Nervous - central & peripheral, voluntary & involuntary Endocrine - glands & hormones Cardiovascular - blood, blood vessels & the heart Lymphatic & Immune - lymph vessels, organs, tissues & cells Respiratory - nasal structures, larynx, airways & lungs Digestive - alimentary canal & accessory organs Urinary - kidneys, ureters & urethra Reproductive - gonads, accessory organs (primary and secondary structures)

The 11 organ systems - Some general functions Integumentary - protection, water regulation, endocrine Skeletal - protection, support, movement Muscular - movement, transportation, heat Nervous - communication & control, rapid to intermediate Endocrine - communication & control, short to long term Cardiovascular - transportation, thermal regulation, defenses, water Lymphatic & Immune - water balance, absorption, immunity Respiratory - gas exchange Digestive - absorption, energy storage & production, filtration Urinary - water & pH balance, blood pressure, toxin removal Reproductive -makin’ babies!

Some main points: Scientific method Hypothesis Theory law Complementarity of structure and function Hierarchy of structural organization Atoms Molecules Compounds Biochemical Organelles Cells Tissues Organs Organ systems (we organize them into distinct 11 systems) Organisms Populations Homeostasis - the balancing act of living systems Negative feedback Positive feedback

Fin