Sound Waves from the Northern Lights Photo courtesy of Bjorn Jorgensen, 18 January 2005, near Tromsø, Norway

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Presentation transcript:

Sound Waves from the Northern Lights Photo courtesy of Bjorn Jorgensen, 18 January 2005, near Tromsø, Norway Jada Maxwell

How are aurorae created? Sound waves from the aurorae Wave transformation in the Sun’s atmosphere Wave transformation in Earth’s atmosphere Can magnetic waves in the aurorae transform into sound waves?

How are aurorae created?

Chain of Events The aurora is created by a chain of events, beginning with energy from the sun. Image courtesy of Tom Michalik

The Magnetosphere Image courtesy of Minnesota Technolog

The Ring Current Image: M of E: Ring Current, to 7 R E

Coronal Mass Ejection (CME) Illustration by Steele Hill, courtesy of NASA

South-North Magnetic Orientation of CME

North-South Magnetic Orientation of CME

Magnetic Reconnection on Dayside of Earth

Magnetic Field Lines are Drawn Back to Magnetotail

Magnetotail is Compressed

Magnetic Reconnection in Magnetotail

Substorm Current Wedge & Field-aligned Currents Ring current

Particles Spiral Down Field Lines Image: Fundamentals of Physics, 2005

Particles 2 Collide with atomic and molecular oxygen and nitrogen Emit energy as light Particles Spiral Down Field Lines

This Creates the Aurorae Image courtesy of Shawn Malone Northern Lights = Aurora Borealis Southern Lights = Aurora Australis

Nearly Mirror Images Aurora BorealisAurora Australis Images courtesy of NOAA

Can we hear the aurorae?  Anecdotal evidence of auroral sounds hissing, popping, crackling, swooshing corresponds with motions of light

6 minutes Sound would take at least 6 minutes to travel from the aurora to the ground No recordings of audible aurorae

Psychological Freezing Breath “Brush discharge” Explanations of Audible Sounds

Humans can hear between 20 and 20,000 Hertz (Hz) Infrasound is below 20 Hz Currently being investigated Gas expansion Evidence of Infrasound from Aurorae

The corona of the Sun is hotter than the surface! Image: Universe, 6 th ed., 2002

Sound Waves on the Sun Created by Convection

Sound Waves Propagate through Sun’s Atmosphere Sun

Energy of Sound Waves is Transformed into Magnetic Waves Sun

Alfvén waves (s-mode) Magnetosonic waves (p-mode) Types of Magnetic Waves S-mode image courtesy of Georgia State University BBC animations

Can magnetic waves in the aurorae transform into sound waves? My Question

Magnetic Waves Earth

Transform into Sound Waves Earth

Beta is a Clue Beta = β = Gas Pressure Magnetic Field Pressure

Plasma is like… β = 1 is important

Resonance All material has a frequency that it vibrates at Matching the frequency allows the material to absorb energy Singing wine glass

Resonance in the Ionosphere When β = 1, Energy from magnetic waves can be absorbed by the atmosphere

Mechanism for Transformation y (B 0, k) z (E 1 ) x (v 1, B 1 ) y (B 0 ) x (v 1, B 1, k) z (E 1 ) Alfvén wavesMagnetosonic waves

Mechanism for Transformation y (B 0, k) z (E 1 ) x (v 1, B 1 ) y (B 0 ) x (v 1, B 1, k) z (E 1 ) Alfvén waves to Acoustic waves Magnetosonic waves to Acoustic waves E 1 p

Mechanism for Transformation y (B 0, k) z (E 1 ) x (v 1, B 1 ) y (B 0 ) x (v 1, B 1, k) z (E 1 ) Alfvén waves to Acoustic waves Magnetosonic waves to Acoustic waves v 1 p E 1 p

When Beta = 1 β = 1 in Earth’s atmosphere?

CMEs Aurorae MHD Waves Infrasound ? observed What have we learned?

Future Plans Gather data from satellite observations of resonant acoustic and Alfvén waves in a single CME induced geomagnetic event Evaluate how wave velocities, frequencies and wavelengths change as altitude and β changes Use data of auroral infrasound observed at Earth’s surface to extrapolate speeds in the ionosphere and compare to magnetic wave speeds

Thanks to: Dr. E.J. Zita for her guidance, input and helpful discussions Paul Lessard for helpful discussions

Image Sources: ▪ NOAA (National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration) ▪ NASA ▪ SpaceWeather.com ▪ Shawn Malone ▪ Tom Michalik ▪ Minnesota Technolog ▪ Halliday/Resnick/Walker. Fundamentals of Physics, John Wiley & Sons, 2005, p 746 ▪ Freedman, R.A. and W.J. Kaufman. Universe, 6 th ed. W.H. Freeman & Co., 2002, p 404 ▪ Wolf, R. Magnetosphere of Earth: Ring Current. Encyclopedia of Aston. & Astrophys. 2005