The Birth of Microbiology Kingdom Monera … The Bacteria

The Story of Microbiology From the time of the Romans to the late 1800’s it was believed that life could arise spontaneously from non-living matter. Eg. Maggots on rotting meat, mould on bread 1850’s “childbed fever” is reduced when med students are forced to wash their hands. Louis Pasteur:Louis Pasteur: rotting meat experiments  dispelled ‘spontaneous generation’

The Story of Microbiology Pasteur pasteurizationPasteur – Solved the French wine-spoilage problem. Used heat to destroy microbes …called “pasteurization”. Hypothesized that microbes could cause sickness… “Germ Theory”. Joseph ListerJoseph Lister – English surgeon…sterilizes surgical instruments…survival rates increase. Robert KochLate 1800’s- Robert Koch isolates and cultures bacteria responsible for anthrax in sheep and tuberculosis in humans.

What household product did they name after Joseph Lister?

The Classification of Living Things: All Living Things AnimaliaPlantaeMICROORGANIMS Monera Archebacteria Eubacteria FungiProtista

Kingdom Monera Archaebacteria:Archaebacteria: Primitive bacteria Survive under extreme conditions Types:Types: Thermophiles- extreme heat Methanogens- swamps, no O 2 Halophiles- salty enviro’s Eubacteria:Eubacteria: More advanced bacteria, more common

Bacteria 1.All bacteria are single celled. 2.All are prokaryotes (no nucleus). 3.Cell organelles are not surrounded by membranes. 4.DNA is made of a single chromosome in a ring called a plasmid. 5.Most reproduce asexually.

Bacteria Shapes: Shapes: Coccus Bacillus SpirillumPrefixes: 1 = mono 2 = diplo Chain = strepto Cluster = staphylo

What do you see???

Nutrition HeterotrophsHeterotrophs: (most) Parasites (absorb nutrients from living orgs.) … or… Saprobes (decay dead matter) AutotrophsAutotrophs- (few) Use sunlight (cyanobacteria)

Respiration Occurs in the inner cell membrane Aerobic Bacteria (need O 2 ) Anaerobic Bacteria (no O 2 needed) -Eg. Clostridium Botulinum…Carrot juice

Reproduction 1.Binary fission  Asexual 2.Conjugation  Sexual …leads to resistance to antibiotics

Reproduction 3. Endospores – When conditions are unfavourable the bacteria forms a protective wall and lies dormant until conditions improve. Endospores in a human lung

Helpful Bacteria Nitrogen Fixation: Converts N 2 to the more useful NO 3 Nutrient Cycles: Decompose Matter Waste Management & Bioremediation Sewage Treatment (We produce 5 billion kg a day…bacteria break it down!)

Harmful Bacteria A small percentage are Pathogenic (disease causing) These bacteria produce deadly toxins or effects. E.g. Coliform levels in water = fecal pathogens Examples: Pneumonia, tuberculosis, botulism, Flesh Eating Disease Streptococcus Necrotizing Fasciitis