1 10 Stock Offerings and Investor Monitoring

2 Chapter Objectives  Describe the stock exchanges where stocks are traded  Analyze the process of the initial public offering of stock by a company  Be able to interpret a stock quote  Explain the institutional use of stock markets  Describe the globalization of stock markets

3 Common stock = certificate representing equity or partial ownership in a corporation Issued in primary market by corporations that need long-term funds Stock is then traded in the secondary market, creating liquidity for investors and company evaluation for managers Background on Common Stock

4 Owners of common stock vote on:  Election of board of directors  Authorization to issue new shares  Amendments to corporate charter  Other major events Many investor assign their vote to management via a proxy Households own about half of all common stock, the rest is owned by institutional investors Ownership and Voting Rights

5 Background on Preferred Stock  Represents equity or ownership interest, but usually no voting rights  Trade voting rights for stated fixed annual dividend  Dividend paid before common if dividends are declared by board of directors  Dividend may be omitted Cumulative provision If common dividend paid, preferred dividend fixed

6 Public Placement of Stock  Initial public offerings (IPOs) First-time offering of shares to the public Firm must provide information to public  Registration statement to SEC  Prospectus  Firm is assisted by an investment banker Performance of IPOs  Price generally rises on first day  Longer-term performance of IPOs is poor

7 Public Placement of Stock  Secondary stock offerings New stock issued by firm that already has shares outstanding  Shelf Registration 1982 SEC rule Allows firms to place securities without the time lag associated with registering with SEC

8 Stock Secondary Markets Execute secondary market transactions Examples: NYSE, AMEX, Midwest, Pacific NYSE is largest, controlling 80 percent of value of all organized exchanges  Must own a seat on exchange in order to trade  Trading resembles an auction Organized Exchanges

9 Stock Secondary Markets No trading floor or specific location Telecommunications network Nasdaq  National Association of Securities Dealers Automatic Quotations  Thousands of small firms, plus high-tech giants Pink sheets  Tiny firms that do not meet requirements for NASDAQ Over-the-Counter Market

10 Stock Secondary Markets  Trend: Consolidation of stock exchanges  Market microstructure Specialists, floor brokers, and market-makers  Role of specialists Types of orders  Market order  Limit order  Stop order

11 Stock Secondary Markets Changes in technology  Online trading  Real-time quotes  Company information  Electronic Communications Networks (ECNs) Margin requirements  Specify amount of borrowed versus amount in cash

12 Stock Secondary Markets Purchasing stock on margin  Borrow a portion of the funds from broker  Margin is the amount of equity an investor provide  Magnifies returns (both good and bad) Short sales  Borrow stock and sell  Repay stock loan, hopefully at a lower price  Investor able to have potential profit from decline in stock price

13 Regulation of Trading on Stock Exchanges n Securities Act Of 1933 and 1934 n Securities And Exchange Commission n National Association Of Securities Dealers (NASD) n Regulate minimum information for investor and broker/dealer business practices n Circuit breakers

14 Stock Quotation  Stock Quotation 52-week price range (high/low and YTD% change) Stock symbol Dividend annualized and dividend yield Price-earnings ratio Volume in round lots Previous day’s price close and net daily change Remainders in cents, not eighths

15 Exhibit 10.6 a YTD % changeHiLoStockSymDIVYld%PEVol 100sLastNet Chg IBM Year-to-dateHighestLowestNameStockAnnualDividendPrice-TradingClosingChange in the percentageprice of stockSymboldividendyield, whichearningsvolumestock price change inof the paid perrepresentsratio basedduring thepriceon the previ- stock pricestock yearthe annualon thepreviousous trading in this dividend asprevailingtrading dayday from the year a percentagestock priceclose on the of the pre-day before vailing stock price

16 Stock Indexes  Dow Jones Industrial Average Price-weighted average 30 large U.S. firms  Standard and Poor’s (S&P) 500 Value-weighted 500 large U.S. firms  New York Stock Exchange Indexes  Other Stock Indexes Amex, NASDAQ

17 Stock Indexes  Investing in stock indexes Indexing Has become very popular  Lower transactions costs  Studies find that actively-managed funds do not outperform stock indexes  Examples of publicly traded stock indexes SPDRs Diamonds

18 Stock Market Performance  Comparing stock performance to bond performance

19 Investor Trading Decisions  Stock value = proportional value of total company  Investor return = dividend yield + capital gain/loss  New information translated into trading decisions impacting supply/demand for shares  New equilibrium price established until new information appears

20 Exhibit 10.8 a Increased Demand for Security Reduced Supply of Security for Sale Increase in Equilibrium (Market) Price of Security New Favorable Information Disclosed to Investors New Unfavorable Information Disclosed to Investors Increased Valuation of Security by Investors Reduced Valuation of Security by Investors Reduced Demand for Security Increased Supply of Security for Sale Decrease in Equilibrium (Market) Price of Security

21 Institutional Participation in Stock Markets  Program trading by institutions Simultaneously buying and selling of a portfolio of at least 15 different stocks valued at more than $1 million Most commonly used by securities firms Program refers to the use of computers Impact on stock volatility  Often blamed for rise or fall in stock market  Studies show that program trading does not increase volatility

22 Investor Monitoring of Firms in the Stock Market  Shareholder activism  An investor who is dissatisfied with the way managers are running a firm has three choices: Sell Do Nothing Flush! Shareholder Activism

23 Investor Monitoring of Firms in the Stock Market  Communication with the firm Effort to place pressure on management Institutional investors  CALPERS  TIAA  Proxy contest  Shareholder lawsuits

24 Corporate Monitoring of Firms in the Stock Market  Market for corporate control Stock price declines due to poor management Subject to possible takeover  Barriers to market for corporate control Antitakeover amendments Poison pills Golden parachutes

25 Corporate Monitoring of Their Own Stock in the Stock Market  Stock repurchases Dividend alternative or undervalued stock Excessive cash relative to +NPV investments  Leveraged buyouts (LBO) If managers believe the stock price undervalued, they may buy the outstanding shares with borrowed funds  Stock offerings Signals overvalued shares

26 Globalization of Stock Markets  Barriers to international stock trading have decreased Reduction in information costs Reduction in exchange rate risk  Foreign stock offerings in the United States  International placement process  Global stock exchange characteristics  Emerging stock markets

27 Globalization of Stock Markets  Methods used to invest in foreign shares Direct purchases American Depository Receipts (ADRs) International mutual funds World equity benchmark shares

28 Globalization of Stock Markets  Global diversification and integration among stock markets Integration of markets during the 1987 crash  All major stock markets declined, indicating the underlying cause systematically affected all markets Integration of markets during mini-crashes  Example: August 27, 1998 “Bloody Thursday”  Russian financial crisis  Increased integration associated with increased financial technology, competition, and lessened government regulation