By: Hannah Miller

10.1 Meiosis 10.2 Dihybrid Crosses 10.2 Gene Linkage 10.3 Polygenic Inheritance PotpourriMeiosis $ 200 $ 300 $ 400 $ 500 $ 100 $ 200 $ 300 $ 400 $ 500 $ 100 $ 200 $ 300 $ 400 $ 500 $ 100 $ 200 $ 300 $ 400 $ 500 $ 100 $ 200 $ 300 $ 400 $ 500 $ 100 $ 200 $ 300 $ 400 $ 100

10.1 Meiosis 10.2 Dihybrid Crosses 10.2 Gene Linkage 10.3 Polygenic Inheritance PotpourriMeiosis $ 100 $ 200 $ 300 $ 400 $ 500 $ 100 $ 200 $ 300 $ 400 $ 500 $ 100 $ 200 $ 300 $ 400 $ 500 $ 100 $ 200 $ 300 $ 400 $ 500 $ 100 $ 200 $ 300 $ 400 $ 500 $ 100 $ 200 $ 300 $ 400

WHAT IS MEIOSIS? >>> MEIOSIS IS A STEP BY STEP PROCESS BY WHICH A DIPLOID CELL PRODUCES FOUR HAPLOID DAUGHTER CELLS.

WHAT ARE HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOMES? >>> HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOMES ARE CHROMOSOMES THAT CARRY THE SAME GENES AND ARE SIMILAR SIZE AND SHAPE

>>> OUTLINE THE FORMATION OF CHIASMATA IN THE PROCESS OF CROSSING OVER AFTER THE PATERNAL & MATERNAL CHROMATIDS INTERTWINE & BREAK AT EXACTLY THE SAME POSITION, & THE TWO SEGMENTS CONNECT TO THE CORRESPONDING POSTION ON THE OTHER CHROMATID, THE PLACE WHERE THE TWO CONNECT TO EACHOTHER IS CALLED A CHIASTMA (PLURAL CHIASMATA)

STATE MENDEL’S LAW OF INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT >>> WHEN GAMETES ARE FORMED, THE SEPARATION OF ONE PAIR OF ALLELES BETWEEN THE DAUGHTER CELLS IS INDEPENDENT OF THE SERPARATION OF ANOTHER PAIR OF ALLELES

EXPLAIN HOW MEIOSIS RESULTS IN EFFECTIVELY INFINITE GENETIC VARIETY IN GAMETES >>> THROUGH CROSSING OVER IN PROPHASE I AND RANDOM ORIENTATION IN METAPHASE I.

WHAT DOES THE GENOTYPE X H X h INDICATE? >>> A HETEROZYGOUS FEMALE

DISTINGUISH BETWEEN AUTOSOMES AND SEX CHROMOSOMES >>> THE SEX CHROMOSOMES ARE THE X & Y CHROMOSOMES, AND THEY ARE THE ONES THAT DETERMINE WHAT SEX YOU ARE. ANY CHROMOSOME THAT IS NOT A SEX CHROMOSOME IS AN AUTOSOME. PEOPLE HAVE 22 PAIRS OF AUTOSOMAL CHROMOSOMES AND ONE PAIR OF SEX CHROMOSOMES.

EXPLAIN HOW CROSSING OVER BETWEEN NON-SISTER CHROMATIDS OF A HOMOLOGOUS PAIR IN PROPHASE I CAN RESULT IN AN EXCHANGE OF ALLELES >>> A MATERNAL CHROMOSOME CAN END UP WITH A SEGMENT OF GENETIC MATERIAL FROM A PATERNAL CHROMOSOME AND VICE VERSA. DURING ANY SINGLE CROSSING OVER EVENT, HUNDREDS OR THOUSANDS OF GENES CAN BE TRADED IN THIS WAY.

IN GARDEN PEAS, THE PAIRS OF ALLELES CODING FOR SEED SHAPE AND SEED COLOR ARE UNLINKED. THE ALLELE FOR SMOOTH SEEDS (S) IS DOMINANT OVER THE ALLELE FOR WRINKLED SEEDS (s). THE ALLELE FOR YELLOW SEEDS (Y) IS DOMINANT OVER THE ALLELE FOR GREEN SEEDS (y). IF A PLANT OF GENOTYPE Ssyy IS CROSSED WITH A PLANT OF GENOTYPE ssYy, WHICH OFFSPRING ARE RECOMBINANTS? >>> SsYy & ssyy

WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE IN NUMBER OF POSSIBLE OFFSPRING FOR MONOHYBRID CROSSES AND DIHYBRID CROSSES? >>> MONOHYBRID CROSSES: DIHYBRID CROSSES: 2 x 2 = 4 x 4 = 4 POSSIBLE OFFSPRING 16 POSSIBLE OFFSPRING

DEFINE LINKAGE GROUP >>> ANY TWO GENES WHICH ARE FOUND ON THE SAME CHROMOSOME ARE SAID TO BE LINKED TO EACHOTHER. A GROUP OF GENES INHERITED TOGETHER BECAUSE THE ARE FOUND ON THE SAME CHROMOSOME ARE CONSIDERED TO BE MEMBERS OF A LINKAGE GROUP.

WHAT IS THE LOCUS OF A GENE? >>> THE POSITION OF A GENE ON A CHROMOSOME.

WHAT CONSTITUTES A LINKAGE GROUP? >>> GENES CARRIED ON THE SAME CHROMOSOME.

TWO GENES A & B ARE LINKED TOGETHER AS SHOWN BELOW. IF THE GENES ARE FAR ENOUGH APART SUCH THAT CROSSING OVER BETWEEN THE ALLELES OCCURS OCASSIONALLY, WHICH STATEMENT IS TRUE OF THE GAMETES? >>> A.ALL OF THE GAMETES WILL BE Ab & aB. B.THERE WILL BE 25% Ab, 25% aB, 25% ab, & 25% AB. C.THERE WILL BE EQUAL NUMBERS OF Ab & ab GAMETES. D.THE NUMBER OF Ab GAMETES WILL BE GREATER THAN THE NUMBER OF ab GAMETES A.ALL OF THE GAMETES WILL BE Ab & aB. B.THERE WILL BE 25% Ab, 25% aB, 25% ab, & 25% AB. C.THERE WILL BE EQUAL NUMBERS OF Ab & ab GAMETES. D.THE NUMBER OF Ab GAMETES WILL BE GREATER THAN THE NUMBER OF ab GAMETES

A PARENT OF AN UNKOWN GENOTYPE IS MATED IN A TEST CROSS. HALF OF THE OFFSPRING HAVE THE SAME PHENOTYPE AS THE PARENT. WHAT CAN BE CONCLUDED FROM THIS RESULT? >>> THAT THE PARENT IS HETEROZYGOUS FOR THE TRAIT FOR THE TRAIT

DEFINE POLYGENETIC INHERITANCE >>> TWO OR MORE GENES INFLUENCING THE EXPRESSION OF ONE TRAIT.

DISTINGUISH BETWEEN CONTINUOUS AND DISCONTINUOUS VARIATION? >>> WHEN AN ARRAY OF POSSIBLE PHENOTYPES CAN BE PRODUCED, IT IS CALLED CONTINUOUS VARIATION (SUCH AS HEIGHT). WHEN VARIATION IS NOT CONTINOUS IT IS REFERRED TO AS DISCONTINUOUS VARIATION (SUCH AS BLOODTYPE).

TRUE OR FALSE: >>>TRUE (FOR EXAMPLE HUMAN SKIN COLOR) POLYGENETIC INHERITANCE CAN CONTRIBUTE TO CONTINUOUS VARIATION

DOES SKIN COLOR SHOW CONTINOUS VARIATION? >>>YES. THE SKIN COLOR IS DUE TO THE AMOUNT OF MELININ IN THE PERSONS SKIN, WHICH IS AN EXAMPLE OF CONTINOUS VARIATION.

WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING ARE EXAMPLES OF CONTINOUS VARIATION: >>> A. BODY MASS B. SHOE SIZE C. ABILITY TO ROLL TONGUE D. LEFT-HANDEDNESS E. FINGER SPAN F. PRESENCE OF HAIR BETWEEN KNUCKLES OF FINGERS A. BODY MASS B. SHOE SIZE C. ABILITY TO ROLL TONGUE D. LEFT-HANDEDNESS E. FINGER SPAN F. PRESENCE OF HAIR BETWEEN KNUCKLES OF FINGERS

A WOMAN HAS A HETEROZYGOUS GENOTYPE FOR BLOOD GROUP B. SHE IS EXPECTING A BABY WITH A MAN WHO IS HOMOZYGOUS GROUP A WHAT ARE THE POSSIBLE BLOOD GROUPS FOR THE BABY? >>> A & AB

HOW DOES THE X CHROMOSOME DIFFER FROM THE Y CHROMOSOME IN HUMANS? >>> SOME GENES ON THE X CHROMOSOME ARE ABSENT FROM THE Y CHROMOSOME X CHROMOSOME ARE ABSENT FROM THE Y CHROMOSOME

A GENE HAS THREE ALLELES. HOW MANY DIFFERENT GENOTYPES CAN BE FOUND FOR THIS GENE? >>>6

IF THE HAPLOID NUMBER OF AN ORGANISM IS 8, HOW MANY DIFFERENT VARIETIES OF GAMETES ARE POSSIBLE, NOT CONSIDERING THE EFFECTS OF CROSSING OVER? 256

WHAT DOES IT MEAN FOR A TRAIT TO BE “SEX LINKED”? >>> THAT THE TRAIT OR GENE MUST HAVE ITS LOCUS ON A SEX CHROMOSOME. WHERE A GENE IS LOCATED DETERMINES WHETHER OR NOT THE TRAIT IT CONTROLS IS MORE COMMON IN MALES OR FEMALES.

>>> WHICH PHASE OF MEIOSIS IS SHOWN BELOW? METAPHASE

>>> TRUE OR FALSE: SOME CELLS SKIP THE PHASE TELOPHASE I, AND JUST START MEIOSIS II. TRUE

>>> WHICH PHASE OF MEIOSIS IS SHOWN BELOW? ANAPHASE

>>> WHAT PROCESS IS OCCURRING IN THE DIAGRAM BELOW? INTERPHASE

>>> DESCRIBE THE BEHAVIOR OF THE CHROMOSOMES IN EACH PHASE OF MEIOSIS